Glycemic Control Outcomes by Gender in the Pay-for-Performance System: A Retrospective Database Analysis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 4

Multiple linear regression between potential predictive factors and HbA1c outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients by gender.

Most recent visit HbA1c
	Variable		Standard error	value	95% CI
					Lower	Upper
Overall	Constant	8.444	0.322	0.000	7.812	9.076
	Duration of diabetes
	11–15 (yrs)	1.147	0.446	0.01	0.273	2.022
	Medication regimen
	Insulin alone	−1.032	0.370	0.005	−1.758	−0.307
Male	Constant	7.637	0.360	0.000	6.929	8.345
	Duration of diabetes
	11–15 (yrs)	2.281	0.879	0.010	0.554	4.008
Female	Constant	8.498	0.190	0.000	8.124	8.871
	Medication compliance	0.318	0.134	0.018	0.055	0.581
	Age group
	45–54 (yrs)	0.455	0.214	0.034	0.035	0.874
	Duration of diabetes
	0–5 (yrs)	−0.519	0.164	0.002	−0.842	−0.197
	Education level
	Junior high	0.393	0.190	0.039	0.019	0.767
	Medication regimen
	Oral alone	−1.495	0.574	0.009	−2.622	−0.368
	Insulin alone	−1.202	0.150	0.000	−1.498	−0.907

CI: confidence interval.