Osteoporosis, Fractures, and Diabetes

Table 1

Risk factors for osteoporotic fractures in diabetes (modified according to [23]).

Risk for osteoporosis
Directly due to diabetes
(i) Diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2
(ii) Poor glycemic control and hyperglycemia
(iii) Hypoglycemia (due to DM treatment)
Due to complications of diabetes
(i) Nephropathy and other kidney diseases
(ii) Neuropathy
(iii) Diabetic diarrhea
Due to diseases associated with diabetes
(i) Thyroid gland dysfunction (Grave’s disease)
(ii) Intestinal bowel diseases and celiac sprue
(iii) Amenorrhea
(iv) Delayed puberty
(v) Eating disorders
Risk of falls
(i) Episodes of hypoglycemia due to medication (mostly insulin)
(ii) Episodes of nocturia (during uncompensated DM)
(iii) Poor vision due to retinopathy or cataracts
(iv) Poor balance due to neuropathy, foot ulcers, or amputations of diabetic foot
(v) Orthostatic hypotension (due to cardiac autonomic neuropathy)
(vi) Impaired joint motility due to cheiropathy and arthropathy