Improvement in Depressive Symptoms Is Associated with Reduced Oxidative Damage and Inflammatory Response in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Subsyndromal Depression: The Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Psychoeducation, Physical Exercise, and Enhanced Treatment as Usual
Table 3
One-year changes of depressive symptoms, inflammatory- and prooxidative biomarkers.
Group scores
Baseline M (SD)
12-month follow-up M (SD)
Effects
Overall
0 to 12 mo.
Depressive symptoms
A ( = 64)
19.7 (9.1)
16.7 (7.9)
Time
12.51
<0.001
0.003
0.07
B ( = 58)
19.8 (8.2)
18.1 (9.8)
Time × group
0.61
0.656
0.007
C ( = 57)
19.0 (8.6)
17.4 (9.4)
Leukocytes (×109/L)
A ( = 63)
7.5 (1.7)
7.3 (1.7)
Time
12.61
<0.001
<0.001
0.07
B ( = 58)
7.5 (1.6)
7.1 (1.5)
Time × group
1.32
0.265
0.001
C ( = 57)
7.8 (2.2)
7.1 (2.0)
CRP (mg/L)
A ( = 64)
0.28 (0.49)
0.25 (0.44)
Time
2.38
0.09
1.00
0.01
B ( = 57)
0.34 (0.46)
0.32 (0.41)
Time × group
0.87
0.48
0.01
C ( = 57)
0.35 (0.41)
0.24 (0.39)
Sialic acid (mmol/L)
A ( = 64)
2.1 (0.31)
1.9 (0.29)
Time
84.57
<0.001
<0.001
0.32
B ( = 58)
2.1 (0.31)
1.8 (0.22)
Time × group
3.40
0.01
0.04
C ( = 57)
2.1 (0.28)
1.8 (0.24)
u-8-OxodG (g/mmol)
A ( = 64)
1.1 (0.5)
0.9 (0.4)
Time
10.66
<0.001
<0.001
0.06
B ( = 57)
1.4 (0.8)
1.1 (0.6)
Time × group
1.09
0.36
0.01
C ( = 57)
1.2 (0.7)
1.0 (0.4)
Uric acid (mol/L)
A ( = 64)
291.7 (85.2)
310.3 (77.5)
Time
13.39
<0.001
<0.001
0.07
B ( = 58)
303.4 (91.9)
323.2 (93.1)
Time × group
0.25
0.91
0.003
C ( = 57)
290.4 (77.9)
314.5 (83.4)
HbA1c (%)
A ( = 64)
7.4 (1.3)
7.2 (0.9)
Time
2.70
0.07
0.08
0.02
B ( = 58)
7.2 (1.0)
7.2 (1.0)
Time × group
0.92
0.45
0.01
C ( = 57)
7.1 (1.0)
7.0 (1.0)
HbA1c (mmol/L)
A ( = 64)
57.8 (13.6)
55.9 (10.2)
Time
3.31
0.05
1.00
0.02
B ( = 58)
54.8 (11.4)
55.7 (10.7)
Time × group
0.90
0.45
0.01
C ( = 57)
54.8 (10.7)
53.9 (10.0)
Adiponectin (mg/L)
A ( = 63)
7.5 (2.3)
7.1 (3.8)
Time
0.73
0.44
1.00
0.004
B ( = 58)
9.1 (6.1)
9.0 (6.7)
Time × group
0.55
0.65
0.006
C ( = 57)
8.0 (5.0)
8.1 (5.3)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
A ( = 54)
30.6 (4.7)
30.6 (5.0)
Time
1.72
0.19
0.11
0.01
B ( = 53)
29.2 (4.5)
29.0 (4.6)
Time × group
1.31
0.27
0.01
C ( = 52)
30.1 (4.1)
29.4 (4.0)
Two-sided significance of differences across time and between the groups (repeated measures ANOVA). Two-sided significance of differences between baseline and 12-month assessments. Log-transformed data.