Research Article

Improvement in Depressive Symptoms Is Associated with Reduced Oxidative Damage and Inflammatory Response in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Subsyndromal Depression: The Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Psychoeducation, Physical Exercise, and Enhanced Treatment as Usual

Table 3

One-year changes of depressive symptoms, inflammatory- and prooxidative biomarkers.

Group scoresBaseline
M (SD)
12-month follow-up
M (SD)
EffectsOverall
0 to 12 mo.

Depressive symptoms
 A ( = 64)19.7 (9.1)16.7 (7.9)Time12.51<0.0010.0030.07
 B ( = 58)19.8 (8.2)18.1 (9.8)Time × group0.610.6560.007
 C ( = 57)19.0 (8.6)17.4 (9.4)
Leukocytes (×109/L)
 A ( = 63) 7.5 (1.7)7.3 (1.7)Time12.61<0.001<0.0010.07
 B ( = 58)7.5 (1.6)7.1 (1.5)Time × group1.320.2650.001
 C ( = 57)7.8 (2.2)7.1 (2.0)
CRP (mg/L)
 A ( = 64)0.28 (0.49)0.25 (0.44)Time2.380.091.000.01
 B ( = 57)0.34 (0.46)0.32 (0.41)Time × group0.870.480.01
 C ( = 57)0.35 (0.41)0.24 (0.39)
Sialic acid (mmol/L)
 A ( = 64)2.1 (0.31)1.9 (0.29)Time84.57<0.001<0.0010.32
 B ( = 58)2.1 (0.31)1.8 (0.22)Time × group3.400.010.04
 C ( = 57)2.1 (0.28)1.8 (0.24)
u-8-OxodG (g/mmol)
 A ( = 64)1.1 (0.5)0.9 (0.4)Time10.66<0.001<0.0010.06
 B ( = 57)1.4 (0.8)1.1 (0.6)Time × group1.090.360.01
 C ( = 57)1.2 (0.7)1.0 (0.4)
Uric acid (mol/L)
 A ( = 64)291.7 (85.2)310.3 (77.5)Time13.39<0.001<0.0010.07
 B ( = 58)303.4 (91.9)323.2 (93.1)Time × group0.250.910.003
 C ( = 57)290.4 (77.9)314.5 (83.4)
HbA1c (%)
 A ( = 64)7.4 (1.3)7.2 (0.9)Time2.700.070.080.02
 B ( = 58)7.2 (1.0)7.2 (1.0)Time × group0.920.450.01
 C ( = 57)7.1 (1.0)7.0 (1.0)
HbA1c (mmol/L)
 A ( = 64)57.8 (13.6)55.9 (10.2)Time3.310.051.000.02
 B ( = 58)54.8 (11.4)55.7 (10.7)Time × group0.900.450.01
 C ( = 57)54.8 (10.7)53.9 (10.0)
Adiponectin (mg/L)
 A ( = 63)7.5 (2.3)7.1 (3.8)Time0.730.441.000.004
 B ( = 58)9.1 (6.1)9.0 (6.7)Time × group0.550.650.006
 C ( = 57)8.0 (5.0)8.1 (5.3)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
 A ( = 54)30.6 (4.7)30.6 (5.0)Time1.720.190.110.01
 B ( = 53)29.2 (4.5)29.0 (4.6)Time × group1.310.270.01
 C ( = 52)30.1 (4.1)29.4 (4.0)

Two-sided significance of differences across time and between the groups (repeated measures ANOVA).
Two-sided significance of differences between baseline and 12-month assessments.
Log-transformed data.