Polymorphisms of Vitamin D Signaling Pathway Genes and Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene in respect to Survival of Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Observational Study

Table 1

Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of hemodialysis patients at enrolment into a prospective study () and their association with all-cause mortality.

Parameter	Value	Association with all-cause mortality
Demographic data
Male gender, , % of all	297 (56.0)	0.360
Age at the beginning of the study, years	61.2 (14.6–89.3)	<0.00001
RRT vintage prior to the study onset, years	2.2 (0.0–24.7)	0.309
Cause of ESRD
Diabetic nephropathy, , % of all	137 (25.8)	0.0002
Chronic glomerulonephritis, , % of all	96 (18.0)	0.016
Hypertensive nephropathy, , % of all	86 (16.2)	0.512
Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, , % of all	67 (12.6)	0.981
Polycystic kidney disease, , % of all	31 (5.8)	0.014
Kidney cancer, , % of all	8 (1.5)	—
Urological diseases other than kidney cancer, , % of all	28 (5.3)	—
Myeloma multiplex, , % of all	6 (1.1)	—
Amyloidosis, , % of all	7 (1.3)	—
Lupus nephritis, , % of all	2 (0.4)	—
Autoimmune connective tissue disorders other than lupus nephritis, , % of all	9 (1.7)	—
Systemic vasculitis, , % of all	4 (0.8)	—
Rare, , % of all	24 (4.5)	—
Unknown, , % of all	27 (5.1)	—
Clinical data
Coronary artery disease, , % of all	212 (39.8)	<0.00001
Dyslipidemia, , % of all	218 (41.0)	0.063
History of HBV infection (anti-HBc positivity), , % of all	128 (24.1)	0.303
History of HCV infection (anti-HCV positivity), , % of all	59 (11.1)	0.712
HBsAg positivity, , % of all	15 (2.8)	0.397
HCV RNA positivity, , % of all	36 (6.8)	0.664
Positive anti-HBs, , % of all	457 (85.9)	0.013
Type of RRT
LF-HD, , % of all	277 (52.0)	0.853
HF-HD, , % of all	217 (40.8)	0.390
HDF, , % of all	38 (7.1)	0.201
HF-HD/HDF, , % of all	255 (47.9)	0.853
PD as the first modality of RRT, , % of all	17 (3.2)	0.165
Laboratory data
ALT, IU/L	13.0 (2.0–131.0)	0.863
AST, IU/L	14.0 (3.0–177.0)	0.125
GGT, IU/L	26.0 (1.0–682)	0.089
ALP, U/L	97.0 (38.3–1684)	0.861
PTH, pg/mL	406 (12.7–3757)	0.0001
Ca, mg/dL	8.9 (5.4–11.7)	0.089
P, mg/dL	5.0 (2.2–11.3)	0.052

The Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted only for uniform parameters exceeding 10 individual reports.
A multiple value or a value calculated using the log rank test, as appropriate.
Associations were tested in relation to the tertiles of continuous variables.
ALP: alkaline phosphatase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, Anti-HBc: antibody to core antigen of hepatitis B virus, Anti-HCV: antibody to hepatitis C virus, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ESRD: end-stage renal disease, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase, HBsAg: surface antigen of hepatitis B virus, HBV: hepatitis B virus, HCV: hepatitis C virus, HDF: hemodiafiltration, HF-HD: high flux hemodialysis, LF-HD: low flux hemodialysis, PD: peritoneal dialysis, PTH: parathyroid hormone, RNA: ribonucleic acid, and RRT: renal replacement therapy.
Conversion factors to SI units are as follows: for alanine aminotransferase, 1 U/L = 0.0167 kat/L, for alkaline phosphatase, 1 U/L = 0.0167 µkat/L, for aspartate aminotransferase, 1 U/L = 0.0167 µkat/L, for calcium, 1 mg/dL = 0.25 mmol/L, for gamma-glutamyltransferase, 1 U/L = 0.0167 µkat/L, for parathyroid hormone, 1 pg/mL = 1 ng/L, and for phosphorus, 1 mg/dL = 0.323 mmol/L.