Genome-Wide DNA Methylation in Mixed Ancestry Individuals with Diabetes and Prediabetes from South Africa
Table 1
Characteristics of all participants.
Diabetes
Prediabetes
Controls
Case
Case
Case
Mean
Case
Case
Case
Mean
Case
Case
Case
Mean
Age, years
62
52
52
55.3
52
50
55
52.3
62
52
52
55.3
BMI, kg/m2
35.3
39.3
31.2
35.3
32.6
35.2
30.4
32.7
41.3
34.0
31.7
35.6
WaistC, cm
120
103
116
113
104
108
116
109
112
93
89
98
HipC, cm
118
124
113
118
108
119
129
118
127
124
106
119
WHR
1.02
0.83
1.02
0.96
0.96
0.91
0.90
0.93
0.88
0.75
0.84
0.82
SBP, mmHg
153
183
143
160
178
164
163
168
142
127
137
135
DBP, mmHg
78
130
61
90
109
101
78
96
72
75
92
80
S-Creat., mol/L
45
75
35
52
69
47
52
56
62
58
50
57
GGT, U/L
18
42
295
118
22
20
12
18
22
20
99
47
ALT, U/L
19
86
61
55
22
16
17
18
12
12
30
18
AST, U/L
24
45
50
40
21
18
18
19
21
16
30
22
Smoking, yes/no
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Cotinine, ng/mL
160
>500
76.3
245.4
94
<10
<10
38
94.4
338
<10
147.5
TC, mmol/L
6.0
6.0
8.3
6.8
4.9
4.1
5.5
4.8
3.6
5.2
4.7
4.5
TG, mmol/L
1.49
3.35
2.51
2.45
2.10
1.21
1.04
1.45
1.22
1.23
1.27
1.24
HDL-C, mmol/L
1.09
1.1
1.87
1.35
1.09
1.17
1.42
1.23
1.35
1.08
1.42
1.28
LDL-C, mmol/L
3.9
4.2
5.1
4.4
3.1
2.1
3.5
2.9
1.6
3.4
2.7
2.6
FSI, mIU/L
97.9
68.7
47.7
71.4
77.3
29.9
110.2
72.5
72.8
20.8
30.1
41.2
FSI, mIU/L
20.7
21.2
21.0
5.7
5.5
11.5
7.6
10.4
7.6
5.3
7.8
HbA1c, %
7.2
7.5
6.1
6.9
5.0
6.1
6.4
5.8
5.9
5.6
6.1
5.9
HbA1c, mmol/mol
55.2
58.5
43.2
52.3
31.1
43.2
46.4
40.2
41.0
37.7
43.2
40.6
FBG, mmol/L
9.0
8.1
7.8
8.3
4.7
6.2
6.1
5.7
5.4
2.8
5.8
4.7
2-hour PG, mmol/L
16.4
13.8
5.9
12.0
7.8
10.3
9.4
9.2
7.4
5.0
6.1
6.2
U-CRP, mg/L
3.2
10.4
5.3
6.3
5.2
15.6
21.6
14.1
23.4
8.2
5.9
12.5
RBC, ×1012/L
4.56
5.07
4.37
4.67
4.86
4.42
4.88
4.72
3.75
4.42
4.82
4.33
Platelet count, ×109/L
284
217
369
290
238
286
305
276
281
152
256
230
WCC, ×109/L
8.6
10.0
7.8
8.8
7.1
8.0
8.9
8.0
6.0
8.3
4.6
6.3
Hb, g/dL
13.0
15.1
12.6
13.6
13.6
13.2
13.5
13.4
6.1
14.4
13.6
11.4
Haematocrit, L/L
0.39
0.46
0.37
0.41
0.42
0.39
0.41
0.41
0.22
0.42
0.41
0.35
MCV, fL
85
90
85
87
86
89
83
86
57
95
86
79
MCH, pg
29
30
29
29
28
30
28
29
16
33
28
26
MCHC, g/dL
34
33
34
34
33
34
33
33
29
34
33
32
RDW, %
14.0
15.0
15.2
14.7
12.7
14.1
14.0
13.6
25.3
14.8
15.9
18.7
Neutrophils, ×109/L
5.6
7.2
4.6
5.8
4.5
4.5
5.4
4.8
2.8
5.7
2.9
3.8
Lymphocytes, ×109/L
2.3
2.0
2.4
2.2
2.1
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.3
1.9
1.4
1.9
Monocytes, ×109/L
0.50
0.30
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.72
0.46
0.20
0.46
Eosinophils, ×109/L
0.10
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.20
0.40
0.27
0.12
0.14
0.10
0.12
Basophils, ×109/L
0.01
0.01
0.10
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.04
2-hour PG, after 2-hour plasma glucose; 2-hour SI, after 2-hour serum insulin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting plasma glucose; FSI, fasting serum insulin; GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; Hb, haemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HipC, hip circumference; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCH, mean cell haemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean cell volume; RBC, red blood cell count; RDW, red cell distribution width; S-Creat., serum creatinine; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; U-CRP, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein; WaistC, waist circumference; WCC, white cell count; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio. refers to using the median instead of mean because, since the data is skewed for those parameters, the mean will give a wrong meaning.