Disproportionately Elevated Proinsulin Levels as an Early Indicator of β-Cell Dysfunction in Nondiabetic Offspring of Chinese Diabetic Patients

Table 2

Comparisons of insulin resistance and β-cell function in different groups.

	Non-FDRs; NGT	FDRs		T2DM	value
		NGT	Pre-DM
Ln HOMA-IR	0.21 ± 0.05	0.30 ± 0.04	0.5 ± 0.07	0.77 ± 0.0 7	<0.001
QUICKI	0.72 ± 0.01	0.69 ± 0.01	0.65 ± 0.02	0.62 ± 0.01	<0.001
Ln HOMA-B	4.45 ± 0.06	4.51 ± 0.05	4.39 ± 0.09	3.24 ± 0.08	<0.001
Ln fasting SI (mIU/L)	1.74 ± 0.05	1.82 ± 0.04	1.99 ± 0.07	1.75 ± 0.06	0.02
Ln 2 h SI (mIU/L)	3.36 ± 0.08	3.57 ± 0.06	4.24 ± 0.11	3.53 ± 0.10	<0.001
Ln fasting PI (pmol/L)	1.39 ± 0.06	1.86 ± 0.04	2.29 ± 0.08	2.69 ± 0.08	<0.001
Ln 2 h PI (pmol/L)	3.28 ± 0.07	3.76 ± 0.06	4.36 ± 0.10	3.87 ± 0.09	<0.001
Ln fasting PI/SI	2.29 ± 0.06	2.67 ± 0.05	2.84 ± 0.09	3.56 ± 0.08	<0.001
Ln 2 h PI/SI	2.56 ± 0.07	2.80 ± 0.06	2.75 ± 0.10	2.92 ± 0.10	<0.01
Hyperproinsulinemia (%)	4.9	21.3	45.5	64.5	<0.001
High fasting PI/SI (%)	4.5	19.5	24.5	58.6	<0.001
Hyperinsulinemia (%)	4.5	11.5	27.3	17.1	<0.001
Insulin resistance (%)	5.4	17.6	33.8	54.6	<0.001

Notes: data are means ± SEM or percentages (%) with adjustment of age, sex, and waist circumference.
and , compared with NGT-non-FDRs.
 and  , compared with NGT-FDRs.
and , compared with pre-DM-FDRs.
Ln: natural log-transformed.
NGT-non-FDRs, normal glucose tolerance subjects with no family history of diabetes; NGT-FDRs, the first-degree relatives of T2DM with normal glucose tolerance; pre-DM-FDR, first-degree relatives of T2DM with prediabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; PI, proinsulin; SI, specific insulin; PI/SI, proinsulin-to-specific insulin ratio.