Research Article
Arterial Stiffness in Nonhypertensive Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Ghana
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of study subjects.
| | | T2DM patients () | Controls () | |
| | Age | 51.5 ± 11.7 | 50.6 ± 11.1 | 0.733 | | Gender (males/females) | 40/56 | 30/40 | 0.234 | | Alcohol intake (%) | 18.2 | 22.1 | 0.078 | | Previous smokers (%) | 14.3 | 7.8 | 0.428 | | Duration of diabetes (years) | 2.6 ± 1.8 | — | — | | FPG (mmol/L) | 8.4 ± 3 | 5 ± 1 | <0.001 | | 2 h PPG (mmol/L) | — | 6.2 ± 2.2 | — | | HbA1c (%) | 8.3 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | | Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 4.2 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | | Fasting triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.310 | | HDL (mmol/L) | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.793 | | LDL (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 4.4 | 28.5 ± 5.3 | 0.085 | | Body fat (%) | 30.4 ± 10.1 | 33.3 ± 13.7 | 0.305 | | Visceral fat (%) | 11.1 ± 5.1 | 9.9 ± 3.1 | 0.165 | | Waist circumference (cm) | 93.9 ± 10.3 | 93.5 ± 17.5 | 0.897 | | Waist-hip ratio | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.92 ± 0.19 | 0.797 | | Arteriograph measurements | | | | | PWVao (m/s) | 8.3 ± 1 | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 0.004 | | Aortic systolic BP (mmHg) | 116 ± 12 | 119 ± 11 | 0.195 | | Aortic pulse BP (mmHg) | 39 ± 13 | 43 ± 14 | 0.201 | | Augmentation index (%) | 20 ± 12 | 25 ± 13 | 0.138 | | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124 ± 9 | 124 ± 10 | 0.748 | | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74 ± 7 | 74 ± 9 | 0.977 | | Pulse BP (mmHg) | 50 ± 7 | 50 ± 8 | 0.640 | | Mean BP (mmHg) | 116 ± 10 | 115 ± 11 | 0.939 | | Heart rate (bpm) | 74 ± 10 | 65 ± 11 | 0.001 | | Vasera measurements | | | | | Systolic BP | 130 ± 11 | 133 ± 32 | 0.613 | | Diastolic BP | 82 ± 8 | 88 ± 12 | 0.039 | | Pulse BP | 48 ± 9 | 50 ± 12 | 0.04 | | Mean BP | 98 ± 8 | 104 ± 14 | 0.402 | | Heart rate | 73 ± 10 | 65 ± 12 | 0.001 | | CAVI | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 0.021 | | haPWV (m/s) | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 7 ± 0.8 | 0.263 |
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BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate; PWVao: aortic pulse wave velocity; AIx: augmentation index; CAVI: cardioankle vascular index; haPWV: heart-ankle PWV.
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