The Biphasic Effect of Vitamin D on the Musculoskeletal and Cardiovascular System

Table 1

Daily vitamin D recommendations and daily upper tolerable intake levels by different organizations [6, 10–12].

Life Stage Group	Recommendations			Upper tolerable intake level
	D-A-CH^1,2	IOM^3	ES^4,5	EFSA^6	IOM	ES
Infants
0–6 months	400	400	400–1000	1000	1000	2000
6 to 12 months	400	400	400–1000	1000	1500	2000
Children
1–3 yr	800	600	600–1000	2000	2500	4000
4–8 yr	800	600	600–1000	2000	3000	4000
Males
9–13 yr	800	600	600–1000	2000–4000	4000	4000
14–18 yr	800	600	600–1000	4000	4000	4000
19–30 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
31–50 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
51–70 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
70+ yr	800	800	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
Females
9.13 yr	800	600	600–1000	4000	4000	4000
14–18 yr	800	600	600–1000	4000	4000	4000
19–30 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
31–50 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
51–70 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
70+ yr	800	800	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
Pregnancy
14–18 yr	800	600	600–1000	4000	4000	4000
19–30 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
31–50 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
Lactation
14–18 yr	800	600	600–1000	4000	4000	4000
19–30 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000
31–50 yr	800	600	1500–2000	4000	4000	10,000

¹German, Austrian, Swiss Nutrition Societies. ²In the absence of skin synthesis of vitamin D. ³Institute of Medicine. ⁴Endocrine Society. ⁵For patients at risk for 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels < 50 nmol/L. ⁶European Food Safety Authority. Vitamin D data are presented as international units.