Poor Sleep Quality Is Associated with Dawn Phenomenon and Impaired Circadian Clock Gene Expression in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 1
Characteristics and glucose profiles of the study population, normal controls, and the diabetes group with poor sleep quality and with good sleep quality.
Variables
DM group with poor sleep quality
DM group with good sleep quality
a value
Control group
a value
No. (M/F)
37 (21/16)
44 (24/20)
0.565
28 (15/13)
0.421
Age (years)
66.2 ± 8.8
65.6 ± 10.3
0.774
64.43 ± 6.7
0.364
BMI (kg/m2)
24.8 ± 4.1
24.4 ± 3.0
0.588
23.2 ± 2.7
0.054
PSQI
10.l ± 1.7
4.1 ± 1.7
<0.001
4.0 ± 1.5
<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)
132.0 ± 13.1
129.9 ± 10.9
0.452
121.7 ± 13.7
0.003
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
78.7 ± 7.8
77.6 ± 7.0
0.498
73.0 ± 7.9
0.006
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
56 ± 5
53 ± 7
0.032
37 ± 4
<0.001
(%)
7.3 ± 0.5
7.0 ± 0.6
5.5 ± 0.4
Fasting insulin (μU/mL)
7.9 ± 4.5
8.3 ± 4.4
0.716
6.7 ± 3.0
0.189
Postbreakfast insulin (μU/mL)
27.7 ± 16.1
25.9 ± 14.1
0.513
23.6 ± 14.2
0.325
HOMA-IR
2.6 ± 1.4
2.4 ± 1.5
0.674
1.5 ± 0.7
<0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
1.8 ± 1.5
1.5 ± 1.3
0.357
1.5 ± 0.9
0.233
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.6 ± 1.1
4.7 ± 1.2
0.682
5.0 ± 1.2
0.121
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.3 ± 0.3
1.4 ± 0.3
0.301
1.3 ± 0.4
0.812
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.4 ± 0.9
2.4 ± 0.9
0.933
2.8 ± 0.9
0.084
Plasma cortisol (nmol/L)
419.3 ± 89.5
384.1 ± 112.0
0.155
408.9 ± 85.3
0.673
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)
133.2 ± 21.6
120.6 ± 23.4
0.001
86.4 ± 10.8
<0.001
Postbreakfast (mg/dL)
217.2 ± 35.8
183.6 ± 22.1
0.032
N/A
N/A
Prelunch (mg/dL)
135.7 ± 32.6
127.9 ± 30.6
0.380
N/A
N/A
Postlunch (mg/dL)
162.3 ± 30.2
147.2 ± 28.44
0.056
N/A
N/A
Predinner (mg/dL)
134.3 ± 33.4
131.4 ± 33.5
0.814
N/A
N/A
Postdinner (mg/dL)
166.6 ± 28.2
155.7 ± 24.5
0.444
N/A
N/A
Nadir glucose (mg/dL)
106.5 ± 17.8
106.2 ± 18.2
0.642
N/A
N/A
24 h mean glucose (mg/dL)
175.2 ± 30.6
148.5 ± 20.7
0.028
N/A
N/A
ΔDawn (mg/dL)
26.5 ± 13.1
14.4 ± 12.8
0.001
N/A
N/A
Dawn phenomenon (%)
29 (78.4)
8 (18.2)
<0.001
N/A
N/A
Data are means ± SD or number (percentage). a value compared to the DM group with poor sleep quality. DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; N/A: not available; ΔDawn: difference between prebreakfast and nocturnal nadir glucose values; Dawn phenomenon: ΔDawn more than 20 mg/dL.
