|
| Author, year | Country | Participants | Treatment | Study duration | Outcome | Results for the highest versus the lowest quartiles |
|
| Iwamoto et al., 2000 [46] | Japan | osteoporotic women ≥ 5 years after menopause, mean age 64 years | (i) Calcium (calcium lactate, 2 g/day)
(ii) Vitamin D3 0.75 μg/day
(iii) Vitamin K2 45 mg/day
(iv) Vitamin D3 plus vitamin K2 | 2 years | Bone mineral density % change | Combined vitamins D and K increased BMD |
| Ushiroyama et al., 2002 [45] | Japan | postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis, mean age 53 years | (i) Diet
(ii) Vitamin K2 45 mg/day MK-4
(iii) 1-α hydroxylcholecalciferol 1 μg/day
(iv) Vitamin K2 + 1-α hydroxylcholecalciferol | 2 years | Bone mineral density % change | K + D group increased BMD % change at 2 years |
| Braam et al., 2003 [48] | Netherlands | postmenopausal women between 50 and 60 years | (i) Placebo
(ii) Mineral + vitamin D (8 μg/day)
(iii) Mineral + vitamin D + vitamin K1 1 mg | 3 years | Bone loss | Mineral + vitamin D + vitamin K showed reduced bone loss of the femoral neck |
| Yonemura et al., 2004 [55] | Japan | patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, mean age 32 years, 53% female | (i) Control
(ii) Vitamin D (alfacalcidol 0.5 mg)
(iii) Vitamin K2 MK-4 45 mg/d
(iv) Vitamins D plus K | 8 weeks | Bone mineral density | The preventive effect in groups K and D + K was similar to D |
| Sato et al., 2005 [51] | Japan | older women with Alzheimer’s disease, mean age 78 years | (i) Placebo
(ii) 45 mg menatetrenone, 1000 IU ergocalciferol, and 600 mg calcium | 2 years | Bone mineral density and fractures | BMD increased in vitamin D + K group
Odds ratio nonvertebral fractures 7.5 (95% CI 5.6, 10.1) |
| Bolton-Smith et al., 2007 [47] | UK | healthy women, mean age 68 years | (i) Placebo
(ii) 200 mg/d vitamin K1
(iii) 400 IU vitamin D3 + 1000 mg calcium
(iv) Vitamins K1 and D3 plus calcium | 2 years | Bone mineral content | Combined vitamin K with vitamin D plus calcium associated with an increase in bone mineral content at the ultradistal radius |
| Booth et al. 2008 [19] | US | healthy men and women, mean age 69, 59% female | (i) Multivitamin + 10 μg vitamin D and 600 mg calcium
(ii) Multivitamin + vitamin D + calcium + 500 μg vitamin K1 | 3 years | Bone mineral density | No differences in change in BMD
Vitamin D + K group lower uncarboxylated osteocalcin concentrations |
| Cheung et al., 2008 [54] | Canada | postmenopausal women with osteopenia, mean age 59 years | (i) 1500 mg calcium + 800 IU vitamin D
(ii) 5 mg of vitamin K1 + calcium and vitamin D | 2–4 years | Bone mineral density | No effect on BMD |
| Binkley et al., 2009 [53] | US | postmenopausal women, mean age 62 years | (i) Calcium 315 mg + vitamin D3 200 IU
(ii) Phylloquinone 1 mg + calcium and vitamin D3
(iii) MK-4 (45 mg day) + calcium and vitamin D3 | 1 year | Bone mineral density | No effect on BMD |
| Je et al., 2011 [49] | South Korea | Korean postmenopausal women, mean age 68 years | (i) Vitamin D 400 IU + calcium (630 mg)
(ii) Vitamin D + calcium +45 mg of vitamin K2 | 6 months | Bone mineral density | BMD increased significantly in the vitamin D + K group |
| O’Connor et al., 2014 [52] | Ireland | adults with Crohn’s disease, mean age 45 years | (i) Placebo
(ii) Phylloquinone 1 mg, vitamin D 10 μg, and calcium 500 mg/d | 1 year | Bone mineral density | Small effect on BMD of the total radius for vitamin D + K group |
| Mazzanti et al., 2015 [50] | Italy | 60 healthy postmenopausal women, mean age 55 years | (i) Extra virgin olive oil
(ii) Extra virgin olive oil enriched with vitamins D3, K1, and B6 | 1 year | Bone mineral density | Vitaminized oil D, K, and B6 increased the T-score of BMD |
|
