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Author, year | Country | Participants | Treatment | Study duration | Outcome | Results for the highest versus the lowest quartiles |
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Braam et al., 2004 [60] | Netherlands | postmenopausal women, means age 55, 100% female | (i) Placebo (ii) Minerals + 8 μg vitamin D (iii) Minerals + 8 μg vitamin D + 1 mg vitamin K1 | 3 years | Vessel wall characteristics | MDK group unchanged, placebo and minerals + vitamin D decreased elastic properties |
Shea et al., 2009 [61] | US | healthy men and postmenopausal women, mean age 66 y, 60% female | (i) Multivitamin + 10 μg vitamin D and 600 mg calcium (ii) Multivitamin + vitamin D + calcium + 500 μg vitamin K1 | 3 years | Coronary artery calcification | No difference between vitamin K1 group and control group |
Asemi et al., 2016 [62] | Iran | overweight diabetic patients with coronary heart disease, mean age 65 y, 47% female | (i) Placebo (ii) Vitamin D (10 μg), K (180 μg), and calcium (1000 mg) | 12 weeks | Carotid IMT | Lower left carotid intima-media thickness and improved insulin metabolism markers |
Chronic kidney disease patients |
Kurnatowska et al., 2015 [63], 2016 [64] | Poland | nondialyzed CKD patient stages, mean age 60 y, 3–5, 45% female | (i) 10 μg cholecalciferol (ii) 10 μg cholecalciferol + 90 μg MK-7 | 270 days | Carotid IMT | Reduced progression IMT, reduced dp-ucMGP and osteocalcin |
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