Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients

Table 2

Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance), metabolic syndrome (MS), and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) in patients with GM due to different causes. The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, prediabetes, MS, and DM2 was compared among the different GM groups through Pearson χ² test, considered statistically significant. Data are presented as % (n). The presence of MS in 6 patients and the presence of obesity in 3 patients were not established due to missing metabolic or anthropometric data.

GM cause	Obesity % (N = 103)	Hypertension % (N = 106)	Prediabetes % (N = 106)	DM2 % (N = 106)	MS % (N = 100)
GM group (N = 106)	37.9 (39)	34.9 [37]	13.2 [14]	15.1 [16]	53 (53)
Persistent pubertal GM (N = 18)	38.9 (7)	38.9 (7)	11.1 (2)	0 (0)	47.1 (8)
Idiopathic postpubertal GM (N = 22)	31.8 (7)	22.7 (5)	18.2 (4)	4.5 (1)	35.0 (7)
Secondary hypogonadism (N = 30)	37.9 (11)	23.3 (7)	10.0 (3)	10.0 (3)	46.7 (14)
Primary hypogonadism (N = 14)	35.7 (5)	21.4 (3)	21.4 (3)	7.1 (1)	57.1 (8)
Medication and AAS-induced GM (N = 22)	45 (9)	68.2 (15)	9.1 (2)	50 (11)	84.2 (16)
p	0.937	0.004	0.742	<0.001	0.028