Intrapartum Results on Differing Degrees of Ketonuria in Nulliparous Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during Spontaneous Labor

Table 4

Maternal and neonatal outcomes of GDM women with spontaneous labor in the Moderate group.

Characteristics	Duration of ketonuria					Distribution of ketonuria during labor
	≤2 hours	3-4 hours	5-6 hours	>6 hours	value	First stage of labor	Second stage of labor	value
Operative vaginal delivery, n (%)	1 (0.7)	4 (13.8)	3 (25.0)	2 (66.7)	<0.001	3 (2.1)	7 (20.0)	0.001
Conversion to cesarean section, n (%)	0 (0)	14 (48.3)	2 (16.7)	0 (0)	=0.017	16 (11.1)	0 (0)	—
FHR intrapartum pattern III, n (%)	2 (1.5)	4 (13.8)	5 (41.7)	2 (66.7)	<0.001	3 (2.1)	9 (25.7)	<0.001
MSAF III, n (%)	5 (3.7)	7 (24.1)	7 (58.3)	2 (66.7)	<0.001	5 (3.5)	16 (45.7)	<0.001
Postpartum hemorrhage, n (%)	0 (0)	1 (3.5)	2 (16.7)	1 (33.3)	=0.001	2 (1.4)	2 (5.7)	0.177
Prolonged labor >16 hours, n (%)	5 (3.7)	6 (20.7)	4 (33.3)	2 (66.7)	<0.001	8 (5.7)	8 (22.9)	0.004
Neonatal hypoglycemia, n (%)	0 (0)	2 (6.9)	2 (16.7)	1 (33.3)	<0.001	2 (1.4)	2 (5.7)	0.177
Umbilical cord arterial pH <7.2, n (%)	0 (0)	2 (6.9)	3 (25.0)	2 (66.7)	<0.001	2 (1.4)	3 (8.6)	0.054
Neonatal care unit admission, n (%)	2 (1.5)	5 (17.2)	5 (41.7)	2 (66.7)	<0.001	8 (5.7)	5 (14.3)	0.089

Data are presented as n (%). Categorical variables determined using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests.