Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An Excellent Candidate for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Clinical studies of MSC therapy for T1DM.

Publication	Cell resource	Injection method	Injection dose	Follow-up time	Efficacy evaluation index	Results	Adverse events	Study design
Carlsson et al. [39]	Autologous BM-MSC	Intravenous drip	2.75 × 10^6 cells/kg	12 months	MMTT, AUC, HbA1c, C-peptide, insulin requirements	In response to the MMTT, patients in the control arm had mean decreases in both C-peptide peak values and C-peptide, when calculated as AUC during the 1st year. In contrast, these responses were preserved in MSC-treated patients.	No side effects	Open, single-center, randomized pilot study
Hu et al. [40]	WJ-MSC	Intravenous delivery	1.5–3.2 × 10^7 cells/kg	24 months	FBG, PBG, HbA1c, CPGR, C-peptide, GADA, insulin requirements	Both the HbA1c and C-peptide were significantly better than either pretherapy values or control group patients during the follow-up period.	No obviously adverse reactions	Randomized, double-blind study
Cai et al. [41]	UC-MSC and autologous BM-MNC	Infused through pancreatic artery	1.1 × 10^6 cells/kg	12 months	AUCC-pep, HbA1c, FBG, C-peptide, insulin requirements	The treatment was well tolerated. After 1 year, metabolic measures improved in treated patients.	Transient abdominal pain; bleeding at the puncture site; upper respiratory tract infections	Randomized, controlled, open-label study

MMTT : mixed-meal tolerance test, AUC: FBG: fasting blood glucose, PPG: postprandial blood glucose, CPGR GADA: glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin, and BM-MNC: bone marrow mononuclear cell.