The Determinants of Adolescent Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder: A Cohort Study

Table 2

The glycolipid metabolism levels of adolescent according to perinatal and childhood experiences.

Variables	Insulin, median (IQR)^d	HOMA-IR, median (IQR)^d	TG, median (IQR)^d	TG/HDL, median (IQR)	HbA1c, mean%^e
Sample size	2097	1979	2018	2018	932
Region
Urban	60.30 (41.30, 99.40)^f	1.70 (1.16, 2.79)^f	0.96 (0.77, 1.24)^f	0.67 (0.49, 0.96)	5.34 ± 0.19^f
Rural	55.65 (35.90, 86.50)	1.56 (0.95, 2.34)	0.90 (0.68, 1.22)	0.66 (0.46, 0.96)	5.40 ± 0.18
Anthropometric measures
Sex
Male	57.10 (38.20, 93.85)^f	1.59 (1.05, 2.62)^g	0.91 (0.70, 1.21)^f	0.65 (0.46, 0.95)^f	5.37 ± 0.19
Female	62.00 (42.30, 97.60)	1.71 (1.16, 2.75)	0.98 (0.79, 1.26)	0.69 (0.51, 0.97)	5.37 ± 0.18
Age, y
∼10	53.50 (35.30, 80.00)^af	1.53 (1.01, 2.30)^af	0.91 (0.75, 1.17)	0.64 (0.48, 0.85)^ag	5.39 ± 0.20
∼11	57.70 (39.90, 91.70)^b	1.59 (1.09, 2.59)^b	0.94 (0.74, 1.25)	0.67 (0.48, 0.97)^ab	5.36 ± 0.19
≥12	67.50 (43.10, 112.40)^c	1.87 (1.19, 3.13)^c	0.97 (0.76, 1.26)	0.69 (0.49, 0.98)^b	5.38 ± 0.18
Pubertal development
No	60.70 (41.00, 99.40)	1.71 (1.14, 2.83)^f	0.96 (0.76, 1.26)^f	0.68 (0.49, 0.98)^g	5.36 ± 0.20^g
Yes	59.50 (39.30, 89.40)	1.62 (1.05, 2.55)	0.89 (0.69, 1.17)	0.65 (0.45, 0.92)	5.39 ± 0.18
Dyslipidemia, in 2014
No	55.4 (37.4, 89.9)^f	1.59 (1.03, 2.58)^g	0.91 (0.73, 1.16)^f	0.62 (0.46, 0.82)^f	5.37 ± 0.20
Yes	59.2 (41.5, 108.1)	1.64 (1.15, 2.99)	1.02 (0.8, 1.35)	0.78 (0·.56, 1.16)	5.34 ± 0.21
Obesity, in 2014
Normal	54.60 (36.90, 87.00)^af	1.52 (1.00, 2.43)^af	0.92 (0.73, 1.21)^af	0.64 (0.46, 0.90)^af	5.37 ± 0.18
Overweight	77.30 (51.20, 124.70)^b	2.10 (1.42, 3.27)^b	1.02 (0.84, 1.26)^b	0.72 (0.59, 1.03)^b	5.37 ± 0.17
Obesity	89.35 (52.80, 141.90)^b	2.55 (1.44, 3.91)^b	1.05 (0.80, 1.42)^b	0.79 (0.54, 1.13)^b	5.41 ± 0.20
Obesity, in 2019
Normal	53.70 (37.20, 82.80)^af	1.49 (1.02, 2.33)^af	0.90 (0.72, 1.17)^af	0.63 (0.46, 0.87)^af	5.36 ± 0.18^af
Overweight	79.80 (54.50, 124.65)^b	2.22 (1.51, 3.39)^b	1.10 (0.83, 1.39)^b	0.86 (0.61, 1.15)^b	5.39 ± 0.17^ab
Obesity	96.80 (63.65, 150.40)^c	2.74 (1.78, 4.17)^c	1.14 (0.91, 1.48)^b	0.90 (0.66, 1.24)^b	5.42 ± 0.20^b
Abdominal obesity, in 2014
Normal	55.90 (37.80, 90.20)^f	1.58 (1.03, 2.56)^f	0.92 (0.73, 1.20)^f	0.65 (0.47, 0.90)^f	5.37 ± 0.18
Abdominal obesity	87.50 (52.40, 140.50)	2.36 (1.36, 3.85)	1.03 (0.81, 1.39)	0.79 (0.55, 1.09)	5.40 ± 0.19
Abdominal obesity, in 2019
Normal	55.60 (38.20, 86.60)^f	1.55 (1.05, 2.47)^f	0.91 (0.73, 1.18)^f	0.64 (0.47, 0.89)^f	5.36 ± 0.18^f
Abdominal obesity	90.40 (58.00, 144.70)	2.55 (1·61, 4.05)	1.17 (0.91, 1.50)	0.92 (0.66, 1.27)	5.40 ± 0.20
Perinatal measures
Maternal prepregnancy obesity
Low weight	62.20 (41.70, 98.90)	1.71 (1.16, 2.78)	0.95 (0.75, 1.21)	0.66 (0.49, 0.94)	5.36 ± 0.20^abg
Normal weight	56.00 (39.00, 92.50)	1.58 (1.10, 2.60)	0.96 (0.75, 1.29)	0.70 (0.48, 0.99)	5.34 ± 0.17^a
Overweight/obesity	61.30 (42.10, 109.30)	1.77 (1.14, 3.08)	1.01 (0.75, 1.23)	0.73 (0.50, 0.96)	5.41 ± 0.16^b
Maternal pregnancy weight gain
Below IOM guidelines	62.40 (41.10, 100.30)	1.73 (1.15, 2.73)	0.92 (0.73, 1.17)^ag	0.65 (0.48, 0.90)	5.37 ± 0.18
Within IOM guidelines	59.65 (39.30, 97.80)	1.67 (1.05, 2.70)	0.97 (0.77, 1.28)^ab	0.70 (0.49, 0.99)	5.36 ± 0.22
Above IOM guidelines	61.20 (43.00, 96.80)	1.70 (1.18, 2.73)	0.99 (0.75, 1.24)^b	0.68 (0.51, 0.96)	5.36 ± 0.16
Premature delivery
No	59.90 (40.50, 96.10)	1.65 (1.13, 2.69)	0.94 (0.75, 1.22)	0.67 (0.48, 0.95)	5.36 ± 0.19
Yes	61.50 (41.20, 104.40)	1.73 (1.12, 2.83)	1.01 (0.77, 1.26)	0.71 (0.49, 1.02)	5.37 ± 0.18
Fatal weight of pregnancy week
SGA	60.5 (40.4, 94.2)	1.67 (1.13, 2.61)	0.94 (0.74, 1.24)	0.68 (0.48, 0.96)	5.37 ± 0.19
Appropriate for GA	55 (39.3, 85.1)	1.53 (1.04, 2.44)	0.89 (0.73, 1.14)	0.61 (0.44, 0.88)	5.36 ± 0.14
LGA	61.3 (41.6, 105.3)	1.71 (1.15, 3.04)	0.95 (0.76, 1.21)	0.67 (0.49, 0.95)	5.35 ± 0.20
Gestational hypertension
No	59.90 (40.40, 96.60)	1.67 (1.13, 2.70)	0.94 (0.75, 1.24)	0.67 (0.48, 0.96)	5.37 ± 0.19
Yes	59.70 (40.50, 88.55)	1.62 (1.12, 2.61)	0.99 (0.76, 1.32)	0.70 (0.54, 1.06)	5.35 ± 0.20
Gestational diabetes
No	59.90 (40.20, 96.60)	1.66 (1.12, 2.70)	0.94 (0.75, 1.24)	0.67 (0.48, 0.96)	5.37 ± 0.19
Yes	73.00 (46.60, 90.20)	1.92 (1.21, 3.00)	1.01 (0.74, 1.22)	0.70 (0.55, 0.97)	5.41 ± 0.17
Birth with Cesarean operation
No	57.40 (38.50, 93.90)	1.60 (1.08, 2.61)	0.93 (0.76, 1.23)	0.67 (0.49, 0.96)	5.36 ± 0.20
Yes	60.60 (41.55, 96.85)	1.69 (1.15, 2.74)	0.96 (0.75, 1.25)	0.68 (0.48, 0.96)	5.37 ± 0.18
Breast-feeding
No	65.20 (40.50, 106.00)	1.78 (1.13, 2.90)	0.95 (0.8, 1.24)	0.69 (0.54, 0.95)	5.38 ± 0.18
Yes	59.50 (39.10, 96.20)	1.62 (1.07, 2.72)	0.92 (0.72, 1.23)	0.65 (0.46, 0.96)	5.38 ± 0.19
Socioeconomic measures
Income, Yuan/year
∼50,000	56.20 (38.35, 90.00)^af	1.57 (1.07, 2.55)^af	0.96 (0.75, 1.26)	0.66 (0.48, 1.00)	5.38 ± 0.20
∼150,000	60.50 (40.00, 94.80)^a	1.64 (1.07, 2.64)^a	0.93 (0.76, 1.21)	0.66 (0.48, 0.93)	5.36 ± 0.19
>150,000	63.85 (42.60, 106.45)^b	1.79 (1.19, 3.09)^b	0.94 (0.73, 1.22)	0.66 (0.48, 0.96)	5.38 ± 0.17
Marriage status
Double parents	59.90 (40.40, 96.20)	1.67 (1.13, 2.70)	0.94 (0.75, 1.24)^g	0.67 (0.48, 0.96)	5.37 ± 0.19
Single parents	61.90 (40.10, 91.20)	1.67 (1.11, 2.59)	1.06 (0.80, 1.30)	0.72 (0.51, 1.05)	5.35 ± 0.22
Mother’s education, y
∼9	56.10 (36.90, 93.50)^af	1.59 (0.97, 2.55)^af	0.94 (0.73, 1.25)	0.66 (0.47, 0.97)	5.37 ± 0.18
∼12	58.20 (40.40, 92.60)^ab	1.62 (1.14, 2.62)^ab	0.93 (0.76, 1.23)	0.66 (0.49, 0.96)	5.38 ± 0.20
≥15	63.85 (43.60, 100.25)^b	1.76 (1.22, 2.90)^b	0.96 (0.75, 1.23)	0.68 (0.49, 0.95)	5.36 ± 0.20
Father’s education, y
∼9	54.85 (36.90, 90.60)^af	1.52 (0.97, 2.48)^af	0.93 (0.74, 1.22)	0·65 (0.48, 0.94)	5.38 ± 0.19
∼12	58.95 (40.50, 92.00)^a	1.62 (1.15, 2.65)^a	0.94 (0.74, 1.22)	0.66 (0.47, 0.96)	5.38 ± 0.18
≥15	64.40 (42.35, 105.70)^b	1.80 (1.17, 3.00)^b	0.97 (0.76, 1.26)	0.69 (0.50, 0.97)	5.36 ± 0.20
Mother’s occupation
Manager	71.90 (43.10, 127.80)	1.93 (1.16, 3.27)	1.00 (0.75, 1.31)	0.75 (0.48, 1.03)	5.39 ± 0.22
Worker	60.50 (39.80, 92.60)	1.67 (1.09, 2.66)	0.95 (0.74, 1.26)	0.67 (0.49, 0.97)	5.38 ± 0.18
Technician/researcher	62.50 (45.50, 92.65)	1.73 (1.38, 2.72)	1.01 (0.7, 1.19)	0.68 (0.46, 0.84)	5.33 ± 0.15
Farmer	57.60 (39.70, 96.70)	1.64 (1.09, 2.70)	0.93 (0.75, 1.26)	0.66 (0.48, 0.98)	5.36 ± 0.19
Other	58.20 (40.00, 96.90)	1.61 (1.13, 2.65)	0.94 (0.76, 1.19)	0.67 (0.47, 0.92)	5.37 ± 0.19
Father’s occupation
Manager	65.60 (41.90, 96.85)	1.81 (1.17, 2.78)	0.94 (0.77, 1.24)	0.68 (0.50, 0.91)	5.40 ± 0.20
Worker	58.65 (38.90, 89.90)	1.62 (1.05, 2.55)	0.94 (0.74, 1.23)	0.66 (0.49, 0.97)	5.37 ± 0.19
Technician/researcher	61.10 (39.50, 116.30)	1.69 (1.07, 3.39)	0.96 (0.73, 1.26)	0.69 (0.46, 0.96)	5.34 ± 0.23
Farmer	57.00 (40.10, 94.80)	1.62 (1.14, 2.67)	0.94 (0.75, 1.28)	0.67 (0.48, 0.98)	5.38 ± 0.19
Other	60.05 (40.70, 99.50)	1.69 (1.16, 2.83)	0.94 (0.76, 1.17)	0.66 (0.49, 0.95)	5.37 ± 0.16

^a,b,cDifference of post hoc analyses among groups; different letters mean the difference existed between two groups. ^dNatural logarithmic transformation was used to calculate the value. ^e932 samples were included. ^f; ^g. SGA: small for gestational age, GA: gestational age, LGA: large for gestational age.