The Determinants of Adolescent Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder: A Cohort Study

Table 4

The risk factors for glycolipid indexes levels in adolescents.

Variables	Insulin, pmol/L			HOMA-IR level			TG, mmol/L			TG/HDL
	β		R^2	β		R^2	β		R^2	β		R^2
Model 1: variables in 2014
Sex, male versus female	−0.136	0.004	12,43%	−0.110	0.029	11.92%	−0.112	<0.001	6.79%	−0.102	<0.001	10.32%
Age, y	0.149	<0.001		0.123	0.005		0.026	0.21		0.041	0.12
Region, urban versus rural	0.213	0.005		0.285	<0.001		0.108	<0.001		0.074	0.12
Prepregnancy weight gain, kg/m^2	−0.008	0.425		−0.011	0.299		—	—		—	—
Birthweight, 50 g	−0.001	0.644		−0.002	0.439		−0.002	0.19		−0.002	0.21
FBG in 2014, mmol/L	0.14	0.005		0.142	0.006		0.080	<0.001		0.099	<0.001
Dyslipidemia in 2014	0.064	0.238		0.044	0.450		0.099	<0.001		0.218	<0.001
BMI in 2014, kg/m^2	0.031	0.018		0.041	0.003		0.019	<0.001		0.035	<0.001
Waist in 2014, cm	0.018	<0.001		0.017	0.002		—	—		—	—
Gestational hypertension	—	—		—	—		0.096	0.20		0.093	0.33
Model 2: variables in 2019
Sex, male versus female	−0.187	<0.001	26.10%	−0.168	<0.001	24.58%	−0.08	<0.001	16.00%	−0.091	<0.001	17.12%
Age, y	0.136	<0.001		0.124	<0.001		−0.011	0.51		0.001	0.98
Region, urban versus rural	0.147	0.001		0.214	<0.001		−0.04	0.15		−0.091	0.01
Prepregnancy weight gain, kg/m^2	−0.012	0.071		−0.013	0.059		—	—		—	—
Birthweight, 50 g	−0.001	0.612		−0.001	0.618		0.001	0.89		0.001	0.80
HOMA-IR level in 2019^a	—	—		—	—		0.144	<0.001		0.179	<0.001
TG/HDL in 2019	0.293	<0.001		0.288	<0.001		—	—		—	—
BMI in 2019, kg/m^2	0.033	<0.001		0.036	<0.001		—	—		—	—
Waist in 2019, cm	0.014	<0.001		0.014	<0.001		—	—		—	—
WHtR in 2019	—	—		—	—		1.150	<0.001		1.901	<0.001
Gestational hypertension	—	—		—	—		0.139	0.02		0.157	0.04
Prenatal weight gain
Below IOM guidelines	—	—		—	—		—	<0.001		0.069	0.02
Above IOM guidelines	—	—		—	—		0.037	0.13		0.033	0.29
Puberty development	—	—		—	—		−0.083	<0.001		−0.072	0.03
Father’s education, ref. ≤9 y
9∼12	0·085	0·040		0·081	0·070		—	—		—	—
≥15	0·183	<0·001		0·177	<0·001		—	—		—	—
Model 3: full model
Gender, male versus female	−0.178	<0.001	28.36%	−0.159	<0.001	26.33%	−0.107	<0.001	17.67%	−0.094	<0.001
Age, y	0.135	<0.001		0.117	0.001		−0.013	0.58		−0.009	0.76
Region, urban versus rural	0.230	0.001		0.296	<0.001		0.010	0.85		−0.024	0.71
Prepregnancy weight gain, kg/m^2	−0.019	0.020		−0.019	0.025		—	—		—	—
Birthweight, 50 g	−0·001	0.495		−0.002	0.459		−0.001	0.39		−0.002	0.40
FBG in 2014, mmol/L	0.124	0.003		0.125	0.005		0.070	<0.001		0.098	<0.001
Dyslipidemia in 2014	—	—		—	—		0.055	0.06		0.168	<0.001
TG/HDL in 2019	0.271	<0.001		0.261	<0.001		—	—		—	—
BMI in 2019, kg/m^2	0.045	<0.001		0.049	<0.001		—	—		—	—
Waist in 2019, cm	0.012	0.009		0.011	0.023		—	—		—	—
BMI in 2014, kg/m^2	—	—		—	—		−0.008	0.22		−0.001	0.93
HOMA-IR level in 2019^a	—	—		—	—		0.146	<0.001		0.17	<0.001
WHtR in 2019	—	—		—	—		1.272	<0.001		1.687	<0.001
Gestational hypertension	—	—		—	—		0.168	0.05		0.174	0.13
Prenatal weight gain
Below IOM guidelines	—	—		—	—		0.051	0.11		0.058	0.15
Above IOM guidelines	—	—		—	—		0.059	0.08		0.078	0.07
Puberty	—	—		—	—		−0.076	0.11		−0.081	0.18
Education, ref. ≤9 y
9∼12	0.081	0.123		0.08	0.145		—	—		—	—
≥15	0.180	0.001		0.165	0.003		—	—		—	—

^aNatural logarithm transformation. FBG: fasting blood glucose, BMI: body mass index, IR: insulin resistance, TG/HDL-C: the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, WHtR: waist-height ratio, IOM: 2009 Institute of Medicine.