Research Article

The Role of Genetic Drift in Shaping Modern Human Cranial Evolution: A Test Using Microevolutionary Modeling

Table 2

Cranial landmarks included in each functional and developmental module.

LandmarkDescription

Basicranium
 BasionMidline point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum
 Condylar foramenThe posterior point on the margin of the condylar foramen
 Condyle anteriorMost anterior points on the occipital condyles
 Condyle posteriorMost posterior points on the occipital condyles
 Inferior nuchalMidline point on the inferior nuchal line
 InionMost posterior point on the external occipital protuberance
 MastoidaleMost inferior point on the mastoid process
 OpisthionMidline point at the posterior margin of the foramen magnum

Temporal Bone
 Anterior articularMost anterior point on the articular surface of the articular eminence
 AuriculareA point on the lateral aspect of the root of the zygomatic process at the deepest incurvature
 EntoglenoidMost inferior point on the entoglenoid process
 JugularMost lateral point of the jugular fossa
 Lateral eminencePoint on the center of the lateral margin of the articular surface of the articular eminence
 Lateral ovaleMost lateral point on the margin of the foramen ovale
 Mandibular fossaDeepest point within the mandibular fossa
 MastoidaleCenter of the inferior tip of the mastoid process
 Medial articularMost inferior point on medial margin of articular surface of the articular eminence
 Petrous apexApex of petrous part of the temporal bone
 PorionMost superior point of the external auditory meatus
 PostglenoidMost inferior point on the postglenoid process
 Supraglenoid
 gutter
Point of inflection, where the braincase curves laterally into the supraglenoid gutter, in the coronal plane of the mandibular fossa
 TympanicMost inferolateral point on the tympanic element of the temporal
 ZygionMost lateral point on the zygomatic arch

Face
 DacryonPoint on the medial orbit at which the frontal, lacrimal, and maxilla intersect
 EctoconchonionThe intersection of the most anterior surface of the lateral border of the orbit and a line bisecting the orbit along its long axis
 Frontomalare
 Temporale
Most laterally positioned point on the frontozygomatic suture
 GlabellaMost anterior midline point on the frontal bone
 NasionPoint of intersection between the frontonasal suture and midsagittal plane
 OrbitaleThe lowest point on the margin of the orbit

Mandible
 Condylion
 laterale
Most lateral point on the mandibular condyle
 Coronoid processMost superior point on the coronoid process of the mandible
 GnathionMost inferior midline point on the mandible
 GonionA point along the rounded posteroinferior corner of the mandible between the ramus and the body
 InfradentaleMidline point at superior tip of the septum between the mandibular central incisors
 M1-M2 contactProjected (laterally) onto the alveolar margin
 Mandibular notchMost inferior point in the mandibular notch
 Mesial P3Most mesial point on mandibular P3 alveolus, projected onto the alveolar margin
 PogonionMost anterior point on the mental eminence