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Landmark | Description |
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Basicranium | |
Basion | Midline point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum |
Condylar foramen | The posterior point on the margin of the condylar foramen |
Condyle anterior | Most anterior points on the occipital condyles |
Condyle posterior | Most posterior points on the occipital condyles |
Inferior nuchal | Midline point on the inferior nuchal line |
Inion | Most posterior point on the external occipital protuberance |
Mastoidale | Most inferior point on the mastoid process |
Opisthion | Midline point at the posterior margin of the foramen magnum |
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Temporal Bone | |
Anterior articular | Most anterior point on the articular surface of the articular eminence |
Auriculare | A point on the lateral aspect of the root of the zygomatic process at the deepest incurvature |
Entoglenoid | Most inferior point on the entoglenoid process |
Jugular | Most lateral point of the jugular fossa |
Lateral eminence | Point on the center of the lateral margin of the articular surface of the articular eminence |
Lateral ovale | Most lateral point on the margin of the foramen ovale |
Mandibular fossa | Deepest point within the mandibular fossa |
Mastoidale | Center of the inferior tip of the mastoid process |
Medial articular | Most inferior point on medial margin of articular surface of the articular eminence |
Petrous apex | Apex of petrous part of the temporal bone |
Porion | Most superior point of the external auditory meatus |
Postglenoid | Most inferior point on the postglenoid process |
Supraglenoid gutter | Point of inflection, where the braincase curves laterally into the supraglenoid gutter, in the coronal plane of the mandibular fossa |
Tympanic | Most inferolateral point on the tympanic element of the temporal |
Zygion | Most lateral point on the zygomatic arch |
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Face | |
Dacryon | Point on the medial orbit at which the frontal, lacrimal, and maxilla intersect |
Ectoconchonion | The intersection of the most anterior surface of the lateral border of the orbit and a line bisecting the orbit along its long axis |
Frontomalare Temporale | Most laterally positioned point on the frontozygomatic suture |
Glabella | Most anterior midline point on the frontal bone |
Nasion | Point of intersection between the frontonasal suture and midsagittal plane |
Orbitale | The lowest point on the margin of the orbit |
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Mandible | |
Condylion laterale | Most lateral point on the mandibular condyle |
Coronoid process | Most superior point on the coronoid process of the mandible |
Gnathion | Most inferior midline point on the mandible |
Gonion | A point along the rounded posteroinferior corner of the mandible between the ramus and the body |
Infradentale | Midline point at superior tip of the septum between the mandibular central incisors |
M1-M2 contact | Projected (laterally) onto the alveolar margin |
Mandibular notch | Most inferior point in the mandibular notch |
Mesial P3 | Most mesial point on mandibular P3 alveolus, projected onto the alveolar margin |
Pogonion | Most anterior point on the mental eminence |
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