Divergence in Defence against Herbivores between Males and Females of Dioecious Plant Species

Table 1

Terminology for flowers and sexual systems.

Term	Description
Flowers
Pistillate	Unisexual flower with functional pistils only (female flower; may have vestigial, sterile stamens (staminodia))
Staminate	Unisexual flower with functional stamens only (male flower; may have vestigial, sterile pistils (pistilodia))
Bisexual, perfect	Bisexual flower with both functional pistils and stamens
Sexual system
Monomorphic	One kind of plant (floral morph) in the population
Hermaphrodite	Most commonly applied to plants with bisexual flowers, but all monomorphic populations consist of hermaphrodite individuals
Monoecious	Pistillate and staminate flowers on same plant
Gynomonecious	Both bisexual and pistillate flowers on same plant
Andromonoecious	Both bisexual and staminate flowers on same plant
Trimonecious	Bisexual, pistillate, and staminate flowers on same plant
Dimorphic	Two kinds of plants (floral morphs) in the population
Dioecious	One morph male (with staminate flowers only); the other female (with pistillate flowers only)
Gynodioecious	One morph female, the other hermaphrodite (with either bisexual flowers or both pistillate and staminate flowers)
Androdioecious	One morph male, the other hermaphrodite (as above)
Trimorphic	Three floral morphs in the population
Trioecious	Males, females, and hermaphrodites

Modified from Dellaporta and Calderon-Urrea 1993.