Divergence in Defence against Herbivores between Males and Females of Dioecious Plant Species

Table 3

Studies of defence on dioecious species published after 2004, or published earlier but not mentioned in Ågren et al or Cornelissen and Stiling’s reviews.

Species	Sex with greatest				Herbivores	Reference
	Damage	Reproductive allocation	Growth rate	Resistance
Arecales
Arecaceae
Chamaedorea alternans (= C. tepejilote)	M	F	F	F	Chrysomelid beetles	[74]
C. pinnatifrons	M	F	M	F	Chrysomelid beetles	[74]
C. ernesti-augusti	M	F	M	F	Chrysomelid beetles	[74]
Aquifoliales
Anacardiaceae
Ilex glabra	nd; marginally F after flowering	nd	nd	nm	lepidopteran larvae and leaf spot (fungal pathogens)	[75]
Sapindales
Anacardiaceae
Sclerocarya birrea	F	nd (wood/reproductive shoot)	nm	nd (wood density, branch breakability)	Elephants	[76]
Spondias purpurea	F	nm	nm	M (N, TNC)	Cerambycid beetle	[77]
Malpighiales
Salicales
Salix discolor	nd	nm	nm	M (mortality of herbivore)	Leaf galler	[78]
S. polaris	nm	F	nd	nd (phenolics, CT)	Reindeer	[79]
S. arctica	nd	nm	nd	nm	Muskox	[80]
S. planifolia	nd	F	nm	nm	Insects	[81]
Laurales
Lauraceae
Lindera obtusiloba	nd	nm	nm	nm	Unspecified	[82]
L. praecox	nd	nm	nm	nm	Unspecified	[82]
L. umbellata	nd	nm	nm	nm	Unspecified	[82]
L. erythrocarpa	nd	nm	nm	nm	Unspecified	[82]
Unplaced (Euasterids I)
Hydrophyllaceae
Nemophila menziesii	nd	nm	nm	nm	Larvae of lepidoptera (2 spp.) and coleoptera (1 sp.)	[83]

F: female, M: male, nd: no statistically significant intersexual differences, nm: not measured, CT: condensed tannins, TNC: total non-structural carbohydrates, N: nitrogen content (herbivores usually attracted to greater concentrations).