Plant Richness-Biomass Relationships in Restored Northern Great Plains Grasslands (USA)

Table 1

Species used in the experiment. FF represents the functional form types derived by Levang-Brilz and Biondini [14] based on the morphological and physiological characteristics listed in this table. β and 𝜌 are scaling constants that relate root biomass (RB (g)) to root lateral spread (RLS (m) = 𝛼∗RB^𝛽) and root surface area (RSA (m²) = 𝜂∗RB^𝜌), while τ is a scaling constant for root plasticity (𝜏=0 no plasticity) derived by Biondini [15] using data from Johnson and Biondini [16]. R : S is the root-to-shoot ratio; RGR is relative growth rate (g⋅g⁻¹⋅d⁻¹); NUE and PUE are N and P use efficiency (g·gN⁻¹ and g·gP⁻¹, resp.); Imax-N and Imax-P are the maximum N or P uptake rate per unit of root surface area (g·m⁻²·d⁻¹). Nomenclature follows the PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov/), National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, La, USA.

Species	C3/C4	FF	β	ρ	R : S	RGR	NUE	PUE	Imax-N	Imax-P	τ
Grasses
Agropyron cristatum	C3	G1	0.007	0.589	0.81	0.11	44.41	181.03	0.3576	0.1082	0.28
Andropogon gerardii	C4	G1	0.515	0.746	1.57	0.10	71.46	251.04	0.1961	0.0669	0.08
Bouteloua curtipendula	C4	G2	0.631	0.326	0.55	0.13	60.02	244.34	0.1628	0.0522	0.02
Bouteloua gracilis	C4	G2	0.584	0.368	0.76	0.09	50.75	153.60	0.3927	0.0671	0.00
Bromus inermis	C3	G1	0.496	1.066	0.71	0.11	71.96	173.48	0.3695	0.0855	0.08
Calamovilfa longifolia	C4	G3	0.372	0.289	0.68	0.11	54.66	262.83	0.3289	0.0756	0.25
Elymus canadensis	C3	G3	0.439	0.473	1.09	0.13	55.18	190.45	1.3480	0.3221	0.34
Hesperostipa comata	C3	G2	0.668	0.479	0.74	0.06	43.22	190.16	0.2413	0.0646	0.26
Hordeum jubatum	C3	G1	0.667	0.719	0.87	0.15	54.58	129.28	0.2433	0.0641	0.27
Koeleria macrantha	C3	G2	0.476	0.556	0.49	0.10	55.69	152.26	0.0635	0.0202	0.29
Nassella viridula	C3	G2	0.602	0.358	0.66	0.10	53.55	225.76	1.0824	0.2198	0.00
Panicum virgatum	C4	G1	0.202	0.884	0.61	0.10	50.79	131.91	0.1359	0.0485	0.24
Pseudoroegneria spicata	C3	G3	0.527	0.593	1.01	0.11	45.85	168.50	0.7674	0.2222	0.13
Poa pratensis	C3	G2	0.544	0.296	0.70	0.13	52.43	149.07	0.1501	0.0521	0.39
Schizachyrium scoparium	C4	G1	0.534	0.697	0.98	0.11	62.69	250.78	0.2043	0.0611	0.31
Sorghastrum nutans	C4	G1	0.348	0.514	0.98	0.09	71.76	201.86	0.4986	0.1439	0.00
Sporobolus cryptandrus	C4	G3	0.443	0.434	1.05	0.14	48.14	185.95	1.3337	0.3761	0.36
Forbs
Achillea millefolium	C3	F1	0.411	0.968	1.67	0.14	39.42	98.14	0.4363	0.1517	0.92
Allium stellatum	C3	F2	0.532	0.569	1.85	0.06	52.20	141.27	0.1190	0.0281	0.10
Artemisia dracunculus	C3	F1	0.588	0.703	0.39	0.13	43.20	146.88	0.8507	0.2529	0.15
Artemisia frigida	C3	F3	0.376	0.794	0.44	0.09	50.88	142.78	0.8166	0.0739	0.45
Asclepias verticillata	C3	F1	0.338	0.595	1.07	0.09	66.14	123.01	0.4105	0.1241	0.39
Aster ericoides	C3	F3	0.488	0.623	0.96	0.12	33.08	142.82	1.3150	0.4292	0.50
Astragalus Canadensis	C3	F3	0.726	0.401	1.97	0.13	44.36	144.55	2.9724	0.7098	0.57
Chrysopsis villosa	C3	F1	0.478	0.461	0.75	0.09	38.60	127.01	0.1858	0.0345	0.76
Cirsium arvense	C3	F1	0.584	0.718	0.98	0.11	63.31	114.99	0.2466	0.1083	0.03
Coreopsis lanceolata	C3	F1	0.317	0.618	0.67	0.11	52.34	163.83	0.3450	0.0737	0.35
Dalea purpurea	C3	F3	0.932	0.853	0.90	0.09	38.93	121.61	1.9311	0.5538	0.73
Gaillardia aristata	C3	F1	0.170	0.969	0.95	0.08	32.44	96.28	0.2267	0.0750	0.85
Galium boreale	C3	F2	0.368	0.567	1.42	0.08	87.28	249.76	0.0817	0.0185	0.25
Geum triflorum	C3	F1	0.410	0.703	0.67	0.08	53.80	127.38	0.3213	0.0850	0.33
Grindelia squarrosa	C3	F3	0.449	0.580	0.89	0.14	39.26	95.99	0.7372	0.2184	0.82
Helianthus maximiliani	C3	F3	0.590	0.325	0.92	0.13	44.66	97.03	0.7170	0.3607	0.81
Helianthus rigidus	C3	F1	0.211	0.596	0.81	0.09	31.31	65.97	0.3629	0.0912	0.30
Linum perenne	C3	F3	0.113	0.618	2.52	0.09	46.58	158.57	0.1931	0.0456	0.27
Lupinus perennis	C3	F1	1.260	1.000	1.19	0.10	50.36	98.67	0.6303	0.2251	1.15
Melilotus officinalis	C3	F1	0.559	1.076	2.78	0.14	42.94	82.54	1.2851	0.1579	0.38
Oenothera biennis	C3	F3	0.355	0.258	1.11	0.19	81.00	87.14	1.3504	0.6483	0.56
Potentilla arguta	C3	F1	0.358	1.001	0.46	0.10	47.20	153.39	0.3926	0.1058	0.25
Ratibida columnifera	C3	F1	0.411	0.802	0.41	0.10	41.75	87.56	0.9931	0.3586	0.50
Rosa arkansana	C3	F3	0.455	0.456	0.64	0.18	59.83	346.72	2.0071	0.3075	1.08
Rudbeckia hirta	C3	F1	0.647	0.703	0.64	0.12	49.59	113.30	1.0892	0.2979	0.80
Solidago missouriensis	C3	F1	0.526	0.121	0.69	0.10	38.33	264.75	0.0297	0.0025	0.72
Solidago rigida	C3	F1	0.245	0.790	1.21	0.10	59.12	137.05	0.3477	0.0882	0.42
Taraxacum officinale	C3	F1	0.348	1.073	0.72	0.12	53.88	136.76	0.5504	0.0875	0.61
Tragopogon dubius	C3	F1	0.578	0.920	0.77	0.10	41.33	110.82	0.6571	0.2260	0.00
Verbena stricta	C3	F1	0.283	0.766	0.59	0.11	36.70	110.46	0.5721	0.1693	1.59
Vicia americana	C3	F1	0.356	0.545	1.01	0.08	38.17	102.65	0.4790	0.1797	0.79