What Explains Forest Grouse Mortality: Predation Impacts of Raptors, Vole Abundance, or Weather Conditions?

Figure 2

Density of goshawks (●) and buzzards (°) in South Ostrobothnia during 1985–1993 and goshawks in Oulu area during 1994–2007. Density of the female black grouse is presented for both study areas (dashed line). Time series of the two study areas are separated by dotted line.