A Habitat Model for Fish Communities in Large Streams and Small Rivers

Bain, Mark B.; Jia, Haifeng

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/962071

International Journal of Ecology

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Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Disclosure References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2012 | Article ID 962071 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/962071

A Habitat Model for Fish Communities in Large Streams and Small Rivers

Mark B. Bain¹and Haifeng Jia²

Academic Editor: L. M. Chu

Received03 Aug 2011

Revised11 Jan 2012

Accepted25 Jan 2012

Published03 Apr 2012

Abstract

Habitat has become one of the fundamentals for managing the environment. We report on synthesis of 30 habitat models for fish species that inhabit large streams and small rivers. Our protocol for integration of many species-level habitat models was to form a robust, general model that reflected the most common characteristics of the reviewed models. Eleven habitat variables were most commonly used in habitat models, and they were grouped by water quality, reproduction, and food and cover. The developed relations defined acceptable and optimal conditions for each habitat variable. Water quality variables were mid-summer water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity. Other structural habitat variables were identified: riffle and pool velocity, riffle depth, and percent of the stream area with cover and pools. We conclude that it is feasible to consolidate species-level habitat models for fish that inhabit the same waterway type. Given the similarity among species models, our specification set will closely approximate the needs and optimal conditions of many species. These eleven variables can serve as design specifications for rehabilitating streams and small rivers in human dominated settings.

1. Introduction

Habitat is a common basis for impact assessments, resource inventories, species management, and mitigation planning. When all habitats covering life cycle for a species is available that signals species presence. When habitat conditions match the preferred range, then expectations species will occur in high abundance. Specifying a niche is equivalent to defining habitat conditions [1, 2] that allow a species to persist in space and time. Habitat can be defined in clear and quantitative terms by linking to a specific species that has tolerance and habitat requirements. Habitat can be much more stable than population properties and is required for species conservation. That is why habitat is a tangible resource that can be measured and modeled for considering future changes. Thus, habitat has become one of the most important concepts for managing the environment.

Quantification of habitat for impact assessment motivated habitat modeling. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service developed habitat-based impact evaluation procedures [33, 34], and they are in use today. The habitat evaluation procedures are composed of the habitat suitability index (HSI) models to identify tolerable and quality habitat conditions for species. The second part is accounting procedures to quantify habitat impacts of proposed developments. The HSI models are in a common format with an index between zero and 1 with zero designating no habitat and 1 being optimal habitat. These HSI models were constructed for many and varied species, and over 150 HSI models have been developed in agency documents [35].

In this paper, we report on synthesis HSI models for fish species that inhabit large streams and small rivers. We explored whether these multispecies HSI models serve as a good habitat definition that the species which often cooccur may have similar habitat needs. While the HSI models are for North American fish species, they span many species and may define conditions for river rehabilitation for novel river environments like urban waterways. Increasingly, waterways are being rehabilitated in human dominated settings that are not possible to return to natural conditions. Without a natural conditions to serve as vision, the synthesis of many fish species habitat needs may provide guidance to designing rehabilitation.

2. Methods

Our protocol for synthesizing the HSI models proceeded in a manner to form a robust, general model that reflected the most common characteristics of the reviewed models. We included information about where it could be combined to produce model characteristics based on the largest number of review models. Our general synthesis approach was selected to produce a community-level model that captures typical stream and river characteristics that support a wide range of fishes.

Thirty species-level HSI models were identified from a review of those published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [35] for fish that inhabit large streams and small rivers (nonnavigable rivers, Table 1). The collection of fish do not include coldwater fishes (salmonidae) that commonly inhabit mountain streams. The 30 HSI models also did not include anadromous and estuarine fishes that are of coastal orientation. The HSI models included the dominant flowing fish families (Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, and Percidae) and others (e.g., Ictaluridae and Esocidae) inhabiting interior, low elevation flowing waters in North America. Thus a broad range of fish types inhabiting streams and rivers, across the North America were included.

We started by making a list of all variables for the 30 HSI models. Unique and rare variables limited to one or a few species were not included. We organized the variables under components that were assigned in the HSI models. The variables in the HSI models were all grouped in three components: water quality, reproduction, and food and cover. Water quality variables were often used in the collection of HSI models. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were also listed under reproduction component with different values: cooler spring months and sensitivity for high oxygen by eggs and newly hatched fish. Under reproduction component, riffle and pool velocity and riffle depth were sporadic but common in the HSI models. For the food and cover component, the percent of the stream area with cover and pools were used in most of the HSI models. Cover is a term for materials such as boulders, logs, sticks, and aquatic vegetation that provide refugee for aquatic organisms in both food and small fish. Added surfaces provides colonizations sites for macroinvertebrates.

Next, we review each variable and made a list of the breakpoints (change points) values defining shape and tolerable range. Most variables had the same shape of the relation between habitat quality. Means were often used for the consolidated breakpoints. That was reported in a table because each habitat variable was different. We aimed for synthesized relations to identify common criteria that define acceptable and optimal habitat conditions for each variable. The final step was plotting the curves for key variables in the form of HSI models.

3. Results

From the review of all variables in the 30 HSI models, we identified 11 variables that were most commonly used to define stream and river habitat (Table 1). Among the water quality variables, there was consistency for mid-summer water temperature and dissolved oxygen ranges that define habitat and optimal conditions. Summer warmth often produces the most stressful temperatures and the lowest dissolved oxygen of the year. Most species had ranges that consistent designated habitat and optimal ranges reported in Table 2. Annual average pH was very consistent across species. Turbidity varied in reported measurements, and we converted of measurements to nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Conversion of measurements and statistics indicated that there were consistency across species and a common form to the turbidity relation with habitat quality.

Temperature and dissolved oxygen are also listed again under reproduction component. The water temperature was cooler for the spring, and this was common reproductive time for stream fishes (Table 2). Dissolved oxygen was higher for the habitat and optimal ranges because eggs needed more oxygen in the water. Riffles are defined as shallow areas with 1–4% gradient with small hydraulic turbulence over coarse substrate causing small ripples and waves [36]. Often fish put eggs in riffles, because current is not that fast, flow of water of over eggs promotes high oxygen. After hatching many fishes they move to pools and backwaters. Pools are defined [36] as aquatic habitats with a gradient less than 1% that is normally deeper and wider than riffle or turbulent areas. Mean water velocity in pools and backwaters are important for retaining newly hatched fish and providing productive nursery conditions. The habitat and optimal range riffle velocities and depths and pool velocities are given in Table 2. Pools and backwaters trap floating organisms that small fish use for feed.

The synthesized variables were plotted in Figure 1 on the same habitat suitability scale as the reviewed HSI models. Habitat and optimal ranges were used to plot Figure 1, and the methods used for synthesis are reviewed in Table 2. This table also defines each variable and presents the numbers of the habitat and optimal range shown in Figure 1 plots. The generalized nature of the synthesized HSI model will satisfy or approximate the needs of most fish species.

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4. Discussion

We identified 30 species-level HSI models that focus on fishes that use large streams and small rivers. These fish often cooccur and have similar habitat needs. We found a common similarity among the fish species, and they had similar variables and habitat and optimal ranges. Thus it was feasible to construct an integrated model for a group of fish that occupy the same general habitat type. About half of the variables in the reviewed models pertained to water quality and about half specified physical conditions. They were grouped as water quality, reproduction, and food and cover. Overall, we view our synthesized model closely parallel to many of the riverine HSI models we included in the analysis. We conclude that it is feasible to consolidate species level habitat needs for fish that inhabit the same waterway type.

The plots of the 11 variables (Figure 1) use a suitability index scale, which allows definition of acceptable habitat and yields ratings of the relative benefit of different values. Eight variables have a clear tolerable range (>0 values on the -axis), which defines habitat needed for fish support. These eight plots also have an optimal range for each variable, which is an estimate of the best conditions for fish support. Three variables have an undefined optimal range implying that the optimal conditions extended beyond the plot over the feasible range of the variable. Two of these were for dissolved oxygen, and they indicate that higher dissolved oxygen would remain in the optimal range. The reverse pattern is for turbidity and specifies that clearer water is optimal and will remain optimal. These forms of variable relations to habitat quality are the same format in the HSI models and have been used for assessing impacts and mitigation actions for more than two decades.

Interest and efforts are increasing on improving environments that are in human-dominated settings [37, 38] which cannot be converted to natural conditions. These eleven variables can serve as design specifications for rehabilitating streams and small rivers in combination with definitions for riffles, pool, and backwaters. They can be used individually or as a set to design criteria to improve a waterway for fish community support. Alternative designs can be compared with suitability index values from the plots to compare rehabilitation options. Our generalized set of specifications can support a diversity of fish species. Finally, given the similarity among species models, our specification set will closely approximate the needs and optimal conditions of many species.

An established fish community is a convincing indicator of healthy river and the success of river rehabilitation. In many countries, along with the urban development and economical growth, the ecological rehabilitation of polluted urban rivers and other streams have become a major concern of government officers, conservation experts, and the public. The research can provide design specifications to support fish communities, and that will add a biological dimension to current river rehabilitation efforts.

Disclosure

The paper was initiated during a visiting scholar stay at Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, in Beijing China. The need emerged for this work from discussions at a session (Environmental Flow in Water Righting) at the 2010 Ecohydraulics Conference in Seoul, South Korea organized by Zhongjing Wang, Zhaoyin Wang, and Zhenzhen Ma.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2012 Mark B. Bain and Haifeng Jia. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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