Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Cattle and Wild Ungulates across Different Land-Use Systems in a Tropical Savanna Landscape

Figure 5

Spatial relationship between cattle and megaherbivores across land-use types: (a) private ranches (PR), (b) transitional lands (TRL), and (c) pastoral grazing areas (PGA). Green solid line is Ripley’s bivariate function estimate; dashed lines ( envelope) are the 95% upper and lower confidence envelopes while the dotted line is the reference for complete spatial randomness (CSR). Source: author, 2017.

(a)

(b)

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