Kinetics of Hydrogen Evolution on Copper Electrode Involving Organic Acids as Proton Donors

Table 1

Selected stability constants of organic acids.

Substance	Formula	Symbol	Stability constant		Ref.
			Log β 1	Log β 2
Glycolic acid	HO–CH2–COOH	LH	3.63		[8, 9]
Malic acid	HOOC–CH2–(CH–OH)–COOH	LH2	4.24	7.24	[8, 9]
Tartaric acid	HOOC–(CH–OH)2–COOH	LH2	4.26	7.4	[8–10]
Gluconic acid	HO–CH2–(CH–OH)4–COOH	LH	3.7		[11]