Design and Development of Biosensors for the Detection of Heavy Metal Toxicity

Table 1

Principal transduction systems used in biosensors.

Transduction system	Measurement/parameters
Electrochemical	Amperometry/current; Potentiometry/voltage at zero current
Electrical	Conductometry/conductance
Optical	Fotometry/luminescence; Fotometry/fluorescence; Refractometry/refractive index
Thermal	Calorimetry/temperature
Piezoelectric	Mass-quartz crystal microbalances/mass; Mass-surface acoustic waves/velocity and so forth.