Review Article
A Review of Electroanalytical Techniques for Determination of Anti-HIV Drugs
Table 2
Validation data for analyzed drugs.
| | Compound | Method | Linear range | LOD | LOQ | Precision (RSD %) | Recovery (%) | Ref. | | Intraday | Interday |
| | Efavirenz | AdsDPV | 2.0–24.00 ppm | 0.599 ppm | 1.995 ppm | 0.96 | 2.22 | 101.67 | [20] |
| | Abacavir | DPV | 8.0 × 10−7–2.0 × 10−4 M | 2.20 × 10−7 M | 7.34 × 10−7 M | 1.02 | 1.93 | 99.37 |
[21] | | SWV | 8.0 × 10−7–2.0 × 10−4 M | 1.18 × 10−7 M | 3.93 × 10−7 M | 0.46 | 1.76 | 99.83 |
| | Abacavir | CV | 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−`5 M | 2.11 × 10−8 M | — | 0.24 | 0.87 | 99.99 |
[22] | | DPV | 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−5 M | 2.41 × 10−8 M | — | 0.43 | 1.17 | 99.84 | | SWV | 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−5 M | 2.69 × 10−8 M | — | 0.43 | 1.10 | 100.21 |
| | Fosamprenavir | DPV (BDDE) | 4.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 M | 2.17 × 10−7 M | 6.59 × 10−7 M | 0.19 | 1.40 | 100.10 |
[25] | | DPV (GCE) | 1.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−4 M | 5.05 × 10−7 M | 1.53 × 10−6 M | 0.58 | 0.66 | 99.88 | | SWV (BDDE) | 4.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 M | 2.97 × 10−7 M | 9.00 × 10−7 M | 1.07 | 1.85 | 100.02 | | SWV (GCE) | 1.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−4 M | 3.78 × 10−7 M | 1.16 × 10−6 M | 0.47 | 0.72 | 100.54 |
| | Didanosine | DPV (CoPc-CPE) | 2.0 × 10−6–7.0 × 10−4 M | 8.80 × 10−7 M | — | — | — | 99.76 |
[28] | | DPV (FePc-CPE) | 1.0 × 10−6–8.0 × 10−4 M | 3.50 × 10−7 M | — | — | — | 99.79 |
| | Indinavir | CV | 2.8 × 10−7–5.0 × 10−5 M | 1.2 × 10−8 M | 3.8 × 10−7 M | — | 0.35 | 98.7 |
[29] | | LSV | 2.8 × 10−7–5.0 × 10−5 M | 1.2 × 10−8 M | 7.0 × 10−7 M | — | 0.46 | 98.7 | | DPV | 2.8 × 10−7–5.0 × 10−5 M | 4.4 × 10−8 M | 2.7 × 10−7 M | — | 0.64 | 99.0 | | SWV | 2.8 × 10−7–5.0 × 10−5 M | 4.4 × 10−8 M | 2.5 × 10−7 M | — | 0.86 | 98.2 |
| | Indinavir | DPV | 8.0 × 10−7–8.0 × 10−6 M | 1.26 × 10−7 M | 4.21 × 10−7 M | 0.55 | 1.45 | 100.36 |
[30] | | SWV | 8.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−5 M | 1.57 × 10−7 M | 5.23 × 10−7 M | 0.44 | 0.72 | 100.80 |
| | Indinavir | Amperometry | 0.13–8.60 mg/L | 6.16 × 10−2 mg/L | — | — | — | — | [31] |
| | Indinavir | HPLC (ED) | 6–1000 ng/mL | 2 ng/mL | 4 ng/mL | 1.04 | 3.31 | 99.9 | [32] |
| | Lamivudine | DPV | 4.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 M | 6.28 × 10−8 M | 2.09 × 10−7 M | 0.30 | 0.14 | 99.45 (tablet) |
[34] | | 99.98 (oral solution) | | SWV | 4.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 M | 2.02 × 10−8 M | 6.72 × 10−8 M | 0.32 | 0.10 | 99.53 (tablet) | | 99.96 (oral solution) |
| | Lamivudine | CAdSV | 500 ng/mL–10 μg/mL | 69 ng/mL | 500 ng/mL | 0.55 | 0.72 | 102.0 |
[35] | | DPV | 2.5 μg/mL–40 μg/mL | 245 ng/mL | 2500 ng/mL | 0.98 | 1.5 | 101.8 |
| | Zidovudine | SWV | — | 1 nM (absence of ssDNA) | — | — | — | — |
[37] | | — | 250 nM (presence of ssDNA) | — | — | — | — |
| | Zidovudine | SWV | 500 pM–1 μM | 1 nM | — | — | — | — | [38] — |
| | Zidovudine | DPV (m-AgSAE) | 0.4–1500 μmol/L | 0.12 μmol/L | 0.41 μmol/L | 1.7 | — | 101.4 |
[39] | | DPV (p-AgSAE) | 0.6–1500 μmol/L | 0.20 μmol/L | 0.67 μmol/L | 0.3 | — | 100.3 | | DPV (HMDE) | 0.03–1900 μmol/L | 0.007 μmol/L | 0.024 μmol/L | 0.3 | — | 102.0 |
| | Zidovudine | DPV | 0.25–1.25 mg/L | 0.0025 mg/L | 0.025 mg/L | — | — | 99.88 | [40] |
| | Lamivudine | | 0.4–37.8 μg/mL | 0.2 μg/mL | 0.4 μg/mL | < 13.3 | < 13.3 | >79.0 |
[42] | | Didanosine | CZE | 1.4–34.0 μg/mL | 0.9 μg/mL | 1.4 μg/mL | | | | | Saquinavir | | 0.5–24.4 μg/mL | 0.2 μg/mL | 0.5 μg/mL | | | |
| | Stavudine | MEKC | 0.7–35.3 μg/mL | 0.3 μg/mL | 0.7 μg/mL | < 14.5 | < 14.5 | >77.3 |
[43] | | Didanosine | 0.8–18.5 μg/mL | 0.4 μg/mL | 0.8 μg/mL | | | | | Saquinavir | 0.5–12.2 μg/mL | 0.3 μg/mL | 0.5 μg/mL | | | | | Efavirenz | 0.6–31.9 μg/mL | 0.3 μg/mL | 0.6 μg/mL | | | |
| | Zidovudine | MEKC | 0.5–25.0 μg/mL | 0.2 μg/mL | 0.5 μg/mL | < 13.9 | < 13.9 | >75.9 |
[44] | | Didanosine | 0.8–18.5 μg/mL | 0.4 μg/mL | 0.8 μg/mL | | | | | Nevirapine | 0.2–22.8 μg/mL | 0.1 μg/mL | 0.2 μg/mL | | | | | Ritonavir | 1.2–28.8 μg/mL | 0.6 μg/mL | 1.2 μg/mL | | | |
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