Cubic Copper Hexacyanoferrates Nanoparticles: Facile Template-Free Deposition and Electrocatalytic Sensing Towards Hydrazine

Wang, Xingxing; Zhang, Yun; Jiang, Shan; Ji, Xiaobo; Liu, Yong; Banks, Craig E.

doi:https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/395724

International Journal of Electrochemistry

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2011 | Article ID 395724 | https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/395724

Cubic Copper Hexacyanoferrates Nanoparticles: Facile Template-Free Deposition and Electrocatalytic Sensing Towards Hydrazine

Xingxing Wang,¹Yun Zhang,¹Shan Jiang,¹Xiaobo Ji,²Yong Liu,¹and Craig E. Banks³

Academic Editor: Kenneth I. Ozoemena

Received17 Jan 2011

Accepted24 Feb 2011

Published18 May 2011

Abstract

Cubic copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) nanoparticles prepared via electrolytic deposition are presented with their morphology and crystalline structure characterized with SEM and XRD. The advantage of this methodology is that it allows the fabrication of uniform cubic nanoparticles with permeable structures onto the desired underlying electrode substrate. It was observed that the CuHCF film acts as a permeable membrane for cations such as K⁺, Na⁺, Li⁺, and with a selection order of K⁺ Li⁺ Na⁺. Furthermore, the analytical utility of these cubic-like CuHCF morphologies supported on a glassy carbon electrode was evaluated towards the electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine which was found to exhibit a linear response over the range 66 M to 17 mM with a detection limit corresponding to 16.5 M.

1. Introduction

There is an increasing demand for simple, inexpensive, and rapid analytical tests to detect biological and environmental compounds. Ever since the pioneering work of Neff [1] and Itaya et al. [2] using Prussian blue (PB) modified electrodes, extensive electrochemical studies on PB [3–5] and its analogue modified electrodes, such as cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF), nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF), copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) have been of great interest to electrochemists due to their interesting properties, especially the ability to mediate electrochemical reactions such as electrocatalyzed oxidations; for example, they can be used in biosensing for the detection of glucose [6, 7] and many other important analytes.

Hydrazine is widely used in various fields, for example, it is a strong reducing agent used as an oxygen scavenger for corrosion control, and it can also be employed as a starting material for different derivatives of hydrazine [8]. Moreover, hydrazine salts with methyl and dimethyl derivatives are used as rocket fuels, gas generators, and explosives [9]. It is well known that hydrazine is volatile and toxic and is easily absorbed by oral, dermal, or inhalation routes of exposure. Adverse health effects on people living near hazardous waste sites caused by hydrazine and its derivatives have been explored in detail [10], and the maximum recommended level of hydrazine is 1 ppm in trade effluents [11]. For these reasons, it is urgently required to provide a sensitive method for the determination of hydrazine in waste water and soil.

In the present work, a feasible way to produce CuHCF films is presented via cyclic voltammetry utilizing a glassy carbon electrode as the underlying electrode substrate. Characterization of the CuHCF films via SEM indicates a uniform and compact surface covered with highly ordered cubic nanoparticles with analysis via XRD confirming that the highly ordered nano-particles have a high degree of crystallization. Note that there are many reports of utilizing metals hexacyanoferrates as electrocatalytic substrates, but we find only two reports which have cubic and nanomorphologies [12, 13]. The immobilized CuHCF shows good permeability for various cations using cyclic voltammetry and exhibits electro-catalytic responses towards the sensing of hydrazine suggesting its use as a potential sensor for hydrazine with excellent analytical performances.

2. Experimental

All chemicals were of analytical grade from Changzheng (Chengdu, China) and were used without further purification. Electrochemical measurements were performed using an LK9805 electrochemical analyzer (Tianjin, China). A bright platinum foil served as a counterelectrode, and an Ag/AgCl was used as reference electrode. The working electrode was a glassy carbon (GC) rod of 5 mm diameter encased in PTFE. Powder diffractograms were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Cu K_α, Fine Tube, 40 kV-25 mA) over the 2θ range from 10° to 90° at a scan step of 0.06°. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was obtained on S4800 field emission scanning electron microanalyser (Hitachi, Japan).

For the preparation of the copper hexacyanoferrate modified GC electrodes, the CuHCF film was electrochemically deposited by cyclic voltammetry via cycling the glassy electrode from 0.0 to +1.0 V (versus SCE) at scan rate of 50 mV/s in a fresh solution containing 0.25 M KH₂ PO₃, 0.125 mM CuSO₄, and 0.125 mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆]. After 30 cycles, the GC was taken out and rinsed thoroughly with double-distilled water. After being conditioned in 0.5 M KNO₃ overnight, the electrode was ready for use.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Preparation and Characterization of CuHCF Particles on GCE

The cubic copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) nano-particles were electrochemically deposited onto the surface of GC electrode by completing 30 voltammetric cycles in an aqueous solution containing 0.25 M KH₂PO₃, 0.125 mM CuSO₄, and 0.125 mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆] between 0.0 and 1.0 V (versus Ag/AgCl) at a scan rate of 50 mV/s, as shown in Figure 1(a). It was found that with increasing scans both oxidation and reduction peaks increase steadily in magnitude, indicating the copper hexacyanoferrate films are deposited continuously on the GC electrode surface. Note that the peak potentials of the oxidation and reduction peak are 748 mV (E₁) and 704 mV (E₂), respectively, giving a formal potential of 726 mV (E_m). In addition, the redox peak potential difference (Δ) of this copper hexacyanoferrate modified GC electrode is roughly 44 mV, suggesting these redox peaks corresponding to the following electrochemical processes:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1

(a) Cyclic voltammograms (30 cycles) of CuHCF films at the glassy carbon electrode recorded in 0.25 M KH₂PO₃ + 0.125 mM CuSO₄ + 0.125 mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆] solutions with Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Scan rate: 50 mV/s. Curves from inner to outer correspond to the 1th, 5th, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th cycles, respectively. (b) XRD pattern of the CuHCF film. (c) SEM image of copper hexacyanoferrates nanoparticles (CuHCFNPs). (d) Comparative cyclic voltammograms of the CuHCF-modified GCE in (A) 0.1 M NH₄NO₃, (B) 0.1 M LiNO₃, (C) 0.1 M KNO₃, and (D) 0.1 M NaNO₃ solutions. Scan rate: 50 mV/s.

It is interesting to note that sol-gel aggregation and precipitation occurs simultaneously in the process of electrochemical deposition from a colloidal solution [14]. These adverse factors will unavoidably decrease the lifetime and reproducibility of the modified electrodes between batch experiments. To overcome these problems above, the CuHCF films were subjected to an aging process before use; the modified electrodes were placed in a potassium nitrate solution for 12 h [9].

Figure 1(b) shows an XRD pattern of the CuHCF particles as prepared by the electrochemical deposition process. The crystal structure was characterized by XRD, and a scanning rate of 0.06°/s was applied to record the patterns in the 2θ range of 10–60°. Miller indexes (111), (220), (311), (400), (420), (422), (440), (600), and (620) of the diffraction planes are corresponding to the standard pattern (JCPDS 53-0084). The peak position for the main diffraction peak position agrees well with diffraction data for Cu_1.5[Fe(CN)₆]·6H₂O confirming the film composition. There are very few impurity diffraction peaks observed from CuHCF film, showing high purity and lattice structure. Moreover, the Miller indexes of the diffraction planes are all even or all odd in number, suggesting that the electrochemically deposited film has a face-centered cubic crystal structure. As shown in Figure 1(b), the relative intensity of diffraction peaks is high and the FWHM of peaks is narrow, indicating a high degree of crystallization in the film.

In addition, the morphology and grain sizes of the CuHCF nanoparticles formed on the GC electrode were examined using SEM, as shown in Figure 1(c). It is very interesting to note that those electrochemically deposited CuHCF nanoparticles at the GC electrode surface present a cubic morphology with very narrow particle size distribution with the particle size distribution, also shown, indicate that the nanoparticles have an average size of 210 nm.

3.2. Electrochemical Behavior of the CuHCF-Modified GCE

It is well known that CuHCF films are potentially permeable membranes for cations such as K⁺, , Li⁺, and Na⁺[15, 16]. The electrochemical behaviors of the CuHCF-modified GCE prepared via 15 continuous cycles in LiNO₃, NaNO₃, KNO₃, and NH₄NO₃ solution were explored. Figure 1(d) presents typical cyclic voltammograms of the CuHCF-modified GC electrode in these four different supporting electrolytes. According to the limiting mobility by Stokes’ law, the radius of the hydrated Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and is 2.1, 1.83, 1.25, and 1.25 Å, respectively [17, 18]. According to Figure 1(d) we may determine that the transfer order is K⁺ > Li⁺ > Na⁺ > NH₄⁺ in the deposited CuHCF film. It was found that the order of and Li⁺ was not as predicted K⁺, , which can be a result of a strong coordination bond between NH₃ and Fe²⁺, or Cu²⁺ [19], leading to partial dissolving of the CuHCF film. Note that these experiments were performed multiple times to ensure that no memory effects prevailed. The good permeability of Li⁺ can be reasonably explained in terms of a partial dehydration of hydrated Li⁺ that reduces the cation to an appropriate size to enter the lattice. [20, 21] The radii of naked ions Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, are 0.6, 0.95, 1.33, and 0.99 Å, and those of hydrated ions are 2.1, 1.8, 1.25, and 1.25 Å, respectively; after complete dehydration, naked Li⁺ has the smallest radius, which may be a prerequisite for it to be incorporated into the CuHCF lattice [12].

Figure 2(a) shows cyclic voltammetric responses of the CuHCF-modified electrode recorded in KNO₃ electrolytes with K⁺ concentrations varied from 0.01 to 0.15 M. With increasing K⁺ concentration, the voltammetric peak potentials were shifted to more positive potentials, and the result is in good agreement with the involvement of potassium ions in the redox reaction [21]. When the peak potentials of the oxidation peak were plotted versus the logarithm of K⁺ concentration, a straight line was obtained (insert of Figure 2(a)) with the slope (0.398 V) which is significantly lower than the theoretical value of 59 mV (Nernstian behavior) which would be expected for the sole involvement of K⁺. A possible explanation of lower than 59 mV slopes is due to more complex redox behavior of the CuHCF-modified electrode and/or to partial charge compensation anions from the electrolyte [22].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2

(a) Dependence of the cyclic voltammetric response at a CuHCF modified glass carbon paste electrode on concentrations of K⁺: (a) 0.01, (b) 0.05, (c) 0.1, (d) 0.5, and(e) 1 M respectively in KNO₃buffer. Insert: plot of Ep versus −log [K⁺]. (b) Cyclic voltammetric responses of CuHCF modified electrodes at various scan rates from 15 to 145 mV/s recorded in pH 7 PBS. Inset: Plot of oxidation peak current and the reduction current for CuHCF modified electrodes against the square root of scan rate. (c) Cyclic voltammograms (1) at a bare glassy carbon paste, (2) bare glassy carbon paste in 66 μM hydrazine in pH 7 PBS, (3) at CuHCF /GCE electrode and (4) CuHCF/GCE electrode in 66 μM hydrazine. Scan rate: 50 mV/s; (d) Chronoamperometric curves of the modified electrodes upon additions of hydrazine in PBS (pH 7) at + 0.72 V. Insert: The relationship between current response of CuHCF/GCE and hydrazine concentrations.

Figure 2(b) shows the cyclic voltammograms corresponding to the response of the CuHCF-modified GC electrode in pH 7 PBS recorded over a range of scan rates from 15 up to 145 mV/s; over this range, it is evident that the oxidation and reduction peak currents are linearly proportional to the square root of the sweep rate which suggests a diffusion-controlled rather than a surface-controlled process electrode. The linear regression equations, respectively, were

3.3. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrazine at the CuHCF-Modified GCE

Next, attention was turned to evaluating the analytical performance of the CuHCF-modified electrode towards the sensing of hydrazine. The cyclic voltammetric response of the bare electrode and modified electrode in a solution of 66 μM hydrazine in pH 7 PBS is depicted in Figure 2(c), where it can be observed that the modified electrode results in an increase in oxidation peak current towards the electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine indicating an electro-catalytic nature of the CuHCF cubic nanoparticles. As is reported in literature [12], the pair of peaks observed in Figure 2(c) are likely due to the redox processes of Fe(II)/Fe(II) with the potential difference between them due to the K⁺ pairing saturation level of the iron centers.

A typical hydrodynamic amperometry (Figure 2(d)) was obtained by successively adding 0.3 mM hydrazine into continuously agitated pH 7 PBS solution. The CuCHF/GCE exhibited well-defined current responses with the response of the electrode being very fast in reaching a dynamic equilibrium upon each addition of the sample solution, with a response time of less than 4 seconds. With the addition of hydrazine, the current increased in a stepwise fashion with the insert of Figure 2(d) depicting the calibration graph for hydrazine at the CuCHF/GCE. The electrode response is found to be linear towards hydrazine over the concentration range from 66 μM to 16.7 mM. The detection limit was found, based on 3-sigma, to correspond to 16 μM () which is superior to previous literature reports such as [23, 24] utilizing metal hexacyanoferrate films and is analytically useful towards potential applications where hydrazine needs to be monitored. The difference in analytical performance might likely be due to the cubic morphology of the CuCHF on the GC electrode where other reports utilize a thin film [23, 24].

4. Conclusions

A simple method was used to construct a CuHCF/GCE electrode which exhibited an analytically useful performance towards the sensing of hydrazine. The modified electrode, when combined with separation methods such as flow injection and liquid chromatography, can be used for industry, environmental, and biological samples for microquantitative determination of hydrazine content; we are currently exploring the CuHCF cubic morphologies on other electrode substrates and into real sample analysis.

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Copyright © 2011 Xingxing Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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