The Redox Chemistry of Ruthenium Dioxide: A Cyclic Voltammetry Study—Review and Revision

Table 1

Calculated electrons for each redox reaction using peak potential differences and calculated charge with different scan rates in 1 M H₂SO₄. The errors and relate to the accuracy of the potential and charge measurements. ≈ 1 denotes perfect one-electron redox reaction, ≪ 1 redox reaction along with sorption. The estimated approximate value is the weighted average of both methods without outliers (in parentheses).

Peak	1: Ru-H			2: Ru-OH			3			4: Ru2(III)O3/2Ru(IV)O2			5: Ru(IV)/Ru(V)			6: Ru(V) → Ru(VIII)
mV/s	z(Δ)	z(Q)		z(Δ)	z(Q)		z(Δ)	z(Q)		z(Δ)	z(Q)		z(Δ)	z(Q)		z(Δ)	z(Q)
100	(4.4)	(1.2)	1.6	(0.3)	(1.2)	0.2	0.1	0.1	−	(0.7)	2.0	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.3	(26)	0.9	1.3
200	0.8	0.7	0.8	(3.7)	0.8	0.3	0.1	0.1	−	(2.9)	1.9	1.9	(3.7)	(1.6)	1.5	3.9	1.2	1.3
300	1.0	0.5	0.8	−	0.9	−	0.4	0.1	0.5	1.6	1.8	1.1	(2.6)	(1.6)	1.4	(6.5)	1.2	1.2
500	1.0	0.3	0.8	−	1.0	−	0.4	0.1	0.6	2.0	1.8	1.2	(9.0)	1.4	1.2		1.3	1.1
1000	1.0	0.4	0.9	−	1.0	−	0.4	0.2	0.7	0.8	1.7	1.1	(5.0)	1.3	1.2	(4.5)	1.2	1.1
2000	1.1	0.3	0.8	−	0.9	−	0.3	0.2	0.8	1.0	1.7	1.1	(2.6)	1.4	1.2	3.5	1.1	1.1
3000	1.3	0.4	0.8	−	0.9	−	0.3	0.2	0.9	0.9	1.5	1.1	(1.7)	1.1	1.2	3.8	1.1	1.1
4000	(1.9)	0.4	0.8	−	1.0	−	0.3	0.3	1.1	(2.3)	1.6	1.1	1.3	1.4	1.2	3.4	1.2	1.0
Approx.	≈0.4 ⋯ 1			≈1			≈0.3			≈1.5			≈1			≈1 and ≈3
,	±0.03	±0.05	±0.03	±0.02	±0.05	±0.02	±0.02	±0.05	±0.02	±0.03	±0.05	±0.03	±0.03	±0.05	±0.03	±0.02	±0.05	±0.02