Structural Equation Modeling: Theory and Applications in Forest Management

Figure 4

The fitted SR model with unstandardized parameter estimates. The observed variables and the error arrows of endogenous latent variables are omitted to simplify the diagram. Estimated unstandardized path coefficients (direct effects) are placed alongside each path. The squared multiple correlations (𝑅²) are included for each endogenous latent variable. The thickness of a single arrowhead corresponds to the strength of its estimates (based on its standardized estimate). The dashed single arrowheads depict non-significant paths. The double arrowheads depict the error covariance between the errors of fine litter and coarse litter latent variables.