Research Article

Elk (Cervus elaphus) Seasonal Habitat Selection in a Heterogeneous Forest Structure

Table 2

Description of habitat types used in habitat utilisation analyses (Forest Information Manual 2007, Ministry of Natural Resources).

CodeDescription (POLYTYPE)

BSHBrush and alder: areas covered with “noncommercial” tree species or shrubs. These areas are normally associated with wetlands or water features and must not be confused with productive forest areas of similar brush or bush cover which have developed as a result of forest management operations (e.g., areas that have been recently depleted or areas that are below silvicultural standards).
DALDeveloped agricultural land: lands which are cultivated for growing crops, orchards, floral gardens, and so forth. These areas may include abandoned agricultural lands.
GRSGrass and meadow: farm areas devoted to pasture for domesticated animals. These areas may also include abandoned grass and meadows, but are not part of the productive forest land base and do not include “barren and scattered” areas. These areas are similar to barren and scattered, but are located near developed agriculture land or unclassified areas and are usually fenced.
OMSOpen wetland: wet areas of mosses, grasses, sedges, and small herbaceous plants, often interspersed with small areas of open water.
RCKRock: areas of barren or exposed rock (e.g., bedrock, cliff face, and talus slope) which may support a few scattered trees, but is less than 25% stocked.
TMSTreed wetland: areas of dry or wet muskeg in which stunted trees occur as widely spaced individuals or in small groups.
UCLUnclassified: Nonforested areas which were created for specific uses other than timber production, such as roads, railroads, logging camps, mines, utility corridors, logging camps, gravel pits, and airports. Most of these areas have been cleared of trees.
WATAll water areas: no designation (or polygon delineation) between lakes and wide rivers. Therefore, it includes lakes, ponds, reservoirs (i.e., inland basin areas containing water), and wide (two-sided) rivers. These rivers are natural or man-made bodies of flowing water, emptying into a stream, river, or lake. These are permanent rivers or streams that can be defined by area (versus a line). Generally, these rivers/streams are consistently wider than 20 meters when portrayed at a mapping scale of 1 : 10,000 or consistently wider than 40 meters when portrayed at a mapping scale of 1 : 20,000. Smaller/narrower rivers and streams are maintained as linear features in a centerline layer(s).
FORForest: areas that are capable of producing trees and can support tree growth. These areas may or may not be capable of supporting the harvesting of timber on a sustained yield basis. Some areas may have physical and/or biological characteristics which affect land use. Thus, this polygon type includes both production and protection forest areas.

CodeDescription (FORTYPE)

CONIF LOWLowland conifers: predominantly black spruce stands on low, poorly drained sites.
CONIF UPUpland conifers: predominantly mixed spruce, jack pine and fir stands on upland sites.
GL-SL PINESGreat Lakes-St. Lawrence Pines: white and red pine dominated stands, often mixedwood with overstory of white pine, and a lower canopy of other tree species including poplar, spruce and hardwoods. Most commonly found in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Region and Boreal transitional forests.
INTOL HARDWOODIntolerant hardwood: Trembling aspen, white birch, and balsam poplar.
TOL HARDWOODTolerant hardwood: generally maple, with a lesser component of yellow birch, oak, beech, basswood, elm, and ash. Dominant forest type in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Region.
UP MIXEDUpland mixed: mixed stands made up mostly of spruce, jack pine, fir, poplar, and white birch.