Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application

Figure 2

Structure of all-trans (1a, 2a, 3a), 9-cis (1a, 2b, 3c), 13-cis (1c, 2c, 3c), and 15-cis-astaxanthin (1d, 2d, 3d). Note: 1, 3S,3S; 2, 3R,3S; meso; 3, 3R,3R.