Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials and Prospects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for Tomato Fruit and Product Handling

Table 2

Degradation methods of biodegradable material films.

Film	Biodegradable medium	Biodegradability	Reference
Starch	Aerobic biodegradation	60% disintegration rate (CO2 produced) in ~10 days; three-stage TGAs: first degradation ~61–63°C [68], second degradation ~257°C, and maximum disintegration ~280–290°C	Tampau et al. [46]
Cassava starch/yerba mate	Decomposition: vegetal compost	Degradation time 6-12 days exhibited changes in tonality and breakdowns materials. Three-stage TGAs: first degradation ~100–150°C [68], second degradation ~180–60°C, and maximum disintegration ~250-350°C	Jaramillo et al. [49]
Cassava starch/yerba mate	Acid and alkaline stability treatment	Swelling capacity: ~1.6 in acid and <1.9-2.2 in alkaline condition	Jaramillo et al. [49]
Zein-chitosan-poly(vinyl alcohol)	In vitro degradation (enzymatic susceptibility)	Amine content: ~0.03 mM Scrine Eq in 30 min; amino acids increase between 60 and 260 min (0.08-0.04 mM Scrine Eq)	Giteru et al. [53]
Zein-chitosan-poly(vinyl alcohol)—PEF treated (between 60–70 kJ/kg and 600–620 kJ/kg)	In vitro degradation (enzymatic susceptibility)	Amine content: ~0.02 mM Scrine Eq in 30 min; amino acids increase between 60 and 260 min (0.02-0.04 mM Scrine Eq). Higher energy yielded higher amino acids	Giteru et al. [53]
Poly(L-lactide)	Combination of UV irradiation and enzymatic degradation	Erosion depth deepens with increasing degradation time	Kikkawa et al. [69]
PLA	Hydrolytic degradation	Increased mass loss as a function of immersion time () at , complete degradation in 288 h; other and 7 yielded no changes in mass loss	Scaffaro et al. [70]
PLA/CRV	Hydrolytic degradation	Faster kinetics of hydrolytic reactions compared to PLA	Scaffaro et al. [70]
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan	Buried in the soil for 30 days	60% weight loss at 30 days	Yu et al. [71]
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan SiO2	Buried in the soil for 30 days	~40% weight loss at 30 days	Yu et al. [71]

TGA: thermalgravimetric analysis; CRV: carvacrol (CRV) essential oil (2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-phenol); PEF: pulsed electric fields.