|
| Test organism | Type of test/parameter | Concentration/dose | Authors |
|
| In vitro: LAD2 (human mast cells) and MPMCs (mouse peritoneal mast cells) | Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization assay/imaging with excitation at 488 nm | 50 μM, 100 μM, and 200 μM HSYA (pH 7.4) | [57] |
| In vitro: LAD2 (human mast cells) | MTT assay (cell viability assay)/absorbance at 490 nm | 1 μM, 10 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM, and 400 μM |
| β-Hexosaminidase release assay/absorbance at 405 nm | 50 μM, 100 μM, and 200 μM |
| ELISA kits (human chemokine array kits)/measurements of cytokines (levels of TNF-α, interleukin- (IL-) 8, and MCP-1) |
| LC-ESI-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry)/histamine release assay |
| In vitro: protein extracted from LAD2 cells | Western blot analysis (ECL kit)/protein expression (transillumination) |
| In vivo: mice | Hindpaw swelling and extravasation assay/optical density at 620 nm | 0, 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg HSYA in saline |
|
| In vivo: mice | ELISA kits/assay the levels of testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) | 3.5 mg kg-1 HSYA in 0.1 ml, injection | [46] |
|
| In vitro: INS-1 (rat insulinoma cells) | Cell viability assay/absorbance at 570 nm | 200 μM, 400 μM, 800 μM, and 1600 μM | [44] |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression (transillumination, band densities) | 800 μM |
| Insulin ELISA kit/glucose stimulated insulin secretion |
|
| In vivo: rats | Anthrone method/hepatic glycogen in the liver | 120 mg/kg, for 8 weeks | [59] |
| WST-8 method/glycogen synthase |
| Fasting blood glucose/glucometer test |
| Oral glucose tolerance test/glucometer test (0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after oral administration with glucose solution) |
| Assay kits/fasting blood insulin, triglycerides, total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression |
|
| In vitro: HK-2 (renal tubular epithelial cells) | Western blot analysis/protein expression | 10 mg/ml HSYA | [60] |
| Cellular immunofluorescence assay/photographing (fluorescent inverted microscope) |
| In vivo: rats | ELISA kit/interleukin-6 levels, tumor necrosis factor-α level | Doses of 10 mg/kg daily, intragastrically, for 6 weeks |
| RT-qPCR assay (PCR)/relative expression level of miRNA-140-5p |
| BCA method (based on T-AOC and MDA kit)/protein concentrations |
|
| In vitro: PC12 (pheochromocytoma cell line) | MTT assay/cell viability | 5 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM, and 80 μM | [63] |
| Total mRNA (amount and purity)/absorbance at 260/280 nm | 10 μM |
| Western blot/protein expression |
| In vitro: b.End3 (mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells) | Immunofluorescence assay/immunofluorescence (confocal microscopy) | 20 μM |
| In vivo: rats | Therapeutic effect in vivo/infarct area, ratio of infarct volume to whole brain tissue | 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg |
|
| In vitro: NSCs (neural stem cells of rats) | CCK-8 assay/absorbance at 450 nm | 1 μM, 5 μM, and 10 μM | [65] |
| EdU assay/cell proliferation rate |
| Cell apoptosis/BD FACSCalibur flow cytometry |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression |
|
| In vivo: mice | Hanging wire test/hanging time | 20 mg/kg/d, for 28 days | [66] |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression |
|
| In vivo: mice | IPGTT (intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test), IPITT (intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test)/glucose and insulin tolerance tests | 200 mg/kg/d HSYA, for 10 weeks | [50] |
| 2−DDCt method/expression of antioxidant enzymes in the liver and adipose tissue |
| In vitro: HepG2 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes | 2−DDCt method/expression of antioxidant enzymes | 3T3-L1 adipocytes: 10, 50, and 100 mg/l HSYA for 24 h; HepG2 cells: 10, 50, and 100 mg/l SY for 24 h |
| ALP activity assay/percentage of ALP activity |
| Caspase colorimetric assay kit/caspase-3 activity assay |
| Annexin V-FITC/IP staining kit/percentage of apoptotic cells |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression |
| HOP and HOM concentration in serum |
|
| In vitro: HSAEC1-KT HSAECs (human small airway epithelial cells) | ELISA kits/concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) | 9, 27, and 81 mmol/l | [74] |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression |
| Calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe Fluo-3/AM/intracellular calcium ion concentration |
| Dual-luciferase reporter assay/transcriptional activities of NF-κB and AP1 |
|
| In vivo: rats | Double-staining method (with Tcc and Evans blue stains)/infarct size | 5 mg/kg HSYA; intraperitoneally injected | [47] |
| ELISA kits/cTnI, IL-6, and LdH levels |
| Flow cytometry analysis, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling)/apoptosis level |
| In vitro: H9c2 (rat cardiomyoblast cells) | ELISA/caspase-3 activity | 20 μM |
| CCK-8/cell viability |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression |
| Span diagnostic reagent kit/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase |
| Span diagnostic reagent kit/serum alkaline phosphatase |
| Agappe diagnostic kit/serum total bilirubin |
|
| In vivo: mice | SP kit (MMP-2, MMP-9, and COX-2)/immunohistochemical analysis | 1.125 mg/kg, 2.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, for 14 days | [91] |
| In vitro: H22 (murine hepatoma cells), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma cells) | Growth inhibition assay—CCK-8/rate of growth inhibition (IC50 80 μM for 72 h) | 40, 60, 80, 120, and 160 μM, for 24, 48, and 72 h |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression |
| Clonogenic assay/optical density at 570 nm |
| Wound healing assay/cell migration, via Image-Pro Plus |
|
| In vitro: KYSE-30 cells (esophageal cancer cells) | CCK-8 assay/proliferative activity (optical density of cells) | 0,1, 1, 10, 20, and 50 μM, for 24, 48, and 72 h | [92] |
| Microscopic measurement of the number of cells/cell invasion and cell migration assays | 20 μM, for 24 h |
| Flow cytometric analysis of cell apoptosis/apoptotic rate of cells |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression |
| Serum levels of AFP, ALT, TBIL, and ALB/automatic analyzer |
|
| In vitro: A2780/DDP (ovarian carcinoma cells) | Cytotoxicity assay (CCK-8)/cell survival rates | 1 mg/ml | [45] |
| RTCA test (real-time cellular analysis)/monitoring cell proliferation |
| Flow cytometry (Guava EasyCyte Plus)/evaluation of apoptosis | 1 mg/ml, for 24 |
| In vivo: mice | Electronic digital caliper/weekly measurement of tumor size and volume | 1.1 g/kg body weight; once every three days, for five weeks |
| Western blot analysis/protein expression |
|
| In vitro: SKOV-3 (ovarian carcinoma cells) | Cell proliferation assay kit/cell proliferation | 10, 20, 50, 100, and 150 mg/l, for 72 h | [90] |
| CellTiter-Blue Cell Viability kit/cell viability assay | 10, 20, 50, 100, and 150 mg/l, for 48 h |
| Western blot analysis (protein concentration assay kit)/protein expression | 10, 20, 50, 100, and 150 mg/l |
|
