Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization

Table 1

Examples of upregulated genes in response to salinity stress.

Species	NaCl concentration (mM)	Gene name	Gene functions	References
Brassica juncea and Brassica campestris	25 and 50	SOS1; SOS2; SOS3; AtNHX1	(i) Plasma membrane; Na^+/K^+ antiporter.; (ii) Protein kinase.; (iii) Calcium-binding protein.; (iv) Vacuolar Na^+/K^+ antiporter.	[183]
Oryza sativa	50	PRP; SAG; HSPC025	(i) Proline-rich proteins and cell-wall; protection.; (ii) Senescence associated genes,; regulatory processes,; and cellular  signal transduction.; (iii) Heat-shock proteins, protein; stabilizing.	[184]
Oryza sativa	100	OsHSP23.7 OsHSP71.1, OsHSP80.2	Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, folding, assembling, and transporting proteins.	[185]
Arabidopsis thaliana	150	AtSKIP	Transcription factor, transcriptional pre-initiation, splicing, and polyadenylation.	[186]
Oryza sativa	200	OsHsp17.0, OsHsp23.7	Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and folding, assembling, and transporting proteins.	[187]
Carrot	300	DcHsp17.7	Cell viability and membrane stability under heat stress.	[188]
Arabidopsis thaliana	300	JcDREB	Transcription factor	[189]