Mechanisms of miRNA-Mediated Gene Regulation from Common Downregulation to mRNA-Specific Upregulation

Table 1

Examples of direct miRNA-mediated upregulation.

miRNA	Target mRNA	Expression regulation	References
miR-360-3p	TNF	miRNA recruits a modified microRNP with AGO2 and FXR1-iso-a and mediates translation activation.	[82, 85, 86]
miR-206	KLF4	In G0 state cells and nontransformed cells, the interaction of GW182 and AGO2 is restricted and FXR1a alters the function of miRNP.	[85]
xlmiR-16	Myt1	In immature Xenopus laevis oocytes dAGO inhibits the interaction of GW182 with miRNP which leads to a loss of repression.	[100]
miR-122	HCV	miRNA directly binds to two target sites in 5′UTR of HCV RNA and increases its association with 40S and polysomes formation.	[107, 108]
miR-10a	TOP RNA	miR-10a interacts with 5′UTR of ribosomal proteins and enhances their translation by alleviating their TOP-mediated translational repression during amino acid starvation.	[120]
miR-346	RIP140	A target sequence for miRNA miR-346 was found in the 5′UTR of RIP140 mRNA. miR-346 elevates RIP140 protein levels by facilitating association of its mRNA with the polysomes fraction.	[122]
miR-34a/b-5	-Actin	Beta-actin (Actb) gene generates two alternative transcripts terminated at tandem poly(A) sites. The longer transcript harbours a conserved mmu-miR-34a/34b-5p target site. miR-34 binding to Actb 3′-UTR upregulates target gene expression.	[165]
miR-125b	B-Ras2	miRNA prevents TTP binding to the ARE sites of B-Ras2 and inhibits its degradation by AMD pathway.	[130]
miR-328	C/EBP	miRNA decoys away hnRNP E2, a repressive protein, and upregulates its expression in a seed sequence independent manner.	[131]