Review Article
Hepatic Arterial Embolization for the Treatment of Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Table 2
Characteristics of hepatic arterial embolization for NET metastases.
| Indications | | Hepatic metastases of NET | | Nonoperative candidates | | Symptomatic and asymptomatic tumors | |
| Contraindications | | Main portal vein thrombosis | | Bilirubin greater than 2-3 mg/dL | | Hepatic tumor burden greater than 75% | | Contraindications to angiography | |
| Outcomes | | Mortality 0–6% | | Median OS 25–56 months | | 5-yr survival 13–28% | |
| Common chemotherapeutic agents | | None (bland embolization) | | Doxorubicin | | Mitomycin C | | Cisplatin | |
| Most frequent complications | | Postembolization syndrome | | Hepatic abscess | | Hepatic failure | | Cholecystitis | | Pancreatitis | |
| Indications for repeat embolization | | Increase in tumor size or tumor enhancement | | Progression of symptoms | |
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