Sympathovagal Imbalance in Prehypertensive Offspring of Two Parents versus One Parent Hypertensive

Table 4

Parameters of lying to standing test, deep breathing test, and isometric handgrip test of normotensive and prehypertensive offspring of hypertensive parents.

Parameters	Normotensive offspring		Prehypertensive offspring		P values
	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV
	(𝑛=45)	(𝑛=68)	(𝑛=32)	(𝑛=20)
Lying to standing test
30 : 15 Ratio	1.20±0.15	1.13±0.19	1.32±0.25^∗,^###	1.26±0.20^#	<0.0001
ΔHRmax	34.20±6.10	30.80±6.26^∗	46.50±8.70^∗∗∗,^###	39.32±5.84^∗,^###,^††	<0.0001
ΔHR2min	8.30±2.40	7.20±2.70	12.40±3.10^∗∗∗,^###	9.82±2.50^##,^††	<0.0001
ΔSBPmax	9.45±2.30	8.34±2.86	13.20±3.10^∗∗∗,^###	10.32±2.40^##,^†	<0.0001
ΔSBP2min	5.36±2.42	3.74±1.46^∗∗∗	9.30±2.50^∗∗∗,^###	6.50±2.08^###,^†††	<0.0001
ΔDBPmax	7.90±2.60	7.24±2.50	10.78±3.50^∗∗∗,^###	8.20±2.10^##	<0.0001
ΔDBP2min	3.86±2.30	3.60±1.20	6.34±2.20^∗∗∗,^###	4.80±1.66^†	<0.0001
Deep breathing test
E : I Ratio	1.27±0.20	1.35±0.29	1.12±0.16^∗,^###	1.19±0.18^#	<0.0001
Isometric handgrip test
ΔDBPIHG	28.50±5.60	23.40±5.20^∗∗∗	41.10±6.60^∗∗∗,^###	30.35±5.80^∗∗∗,^###,^†††	<0.0001

Data presented are mean ± SD; Group I: normotensive offspring of both parents hypertensive; Group II: normotensive offspring of one parent hypertensive; Group III: prehypertensive offspring of both parents hypertensive; Group IV: prehypertensive offspring of one parent hypertensive; 30 : 15 ratio: ratio of maximum RR interval at 30th beat to minimum RR interval at 15th beat following standing from supine position; ΔHR_max: maximum rise in heart rate (HR) from supine HR following standing; ΔHR_2min: maintained increase in HR after attaining steady state at 2 minutes from supine HR level following standing; ΔSBP_max: maximum rise in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from supine SBP following standing; ΔSBP_2min: maintained increase in SBP after attaining steady state at 2 minutes from supine SBP level following standing; ΔDBP_max: maximum rise in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from supine DBP following standing; ΔDBP_2min: maintained increase in DBP after attaining steady state at 2 minutes from supine DBP level following standing; E : I Ratio: ratio of maximum RR interval during expiration to minimum RR interval during inspiration following deep breathing; ΔDBP_IHG: maximum rise in diastolic BP above baseline following sustained handgrip; the ∗mark indicates comparison with group I, the #mark indicates comparison with group II and the †mark indicates comparison with Group III. ^∗𝑃<0.05; ^∗∗𝑃<0.01; ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001; ^#𝑃<0.05; ^##𝑃<0.01; ^###𝑃<0.001; ^†𝑃<0.05; ^††𝑃<0.01; ^†††𝑃<0.001.