Upregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-Ouabain System in the Brain Is the Core Mechanism in the Genesis of All Types of Hypertension

Table 2

Sodium retention can be achieved by a variety of causes.

(i) Excess intake of sodium; essential hypertension
(ii) Impaired renal excretion
(a) Renal insufficiency and renal failure
(b) Insulin resistance accompanied by obesity and/or the early stage of type II diabetes mellitus
(c) Increased aldosterone production; primary aldosteronism, idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, renovascular hypertension,; pheochromocytoma
(d) Other mineralocorticoid excess; 17a-hydroxylase deficiency, 11b-hydroxylase deficiency, apparent mineralocorticoid; excess syndrome and deoxycorticosterone-producing tumor
(e) Exaggerated renal sodium reabsorption; Liddle syndrome