Review Article

The Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor in Brain Functions: An Update

Figure 3

Summary of the known cellular effects of the AT2 receptor. Stimulation of the AT2 receptor of angiotensin II results in the activation of several intracellular cascades, resulting in a decrease in proliferation and in growth-promoting effects, as well as a decrease in inflammatory cytokines and in reactive oxygen species, hence decreasing oxidative stress. On the other hand, such activation increases neuronal excitability, by acting on K+ and Ca2+ channel activity, and increases neurite outgrowth and migration of neurons, favoring neuronal plasticity. Stimulation of the AT2 receptor is also known for its effect on vasodilation, thus increasing cerebral blood flow, and to increase glucose uptake, which improves insulin sensitivity. These cellular events in turn decrease or increase important physiological functions, which in general have reached a significant degree of consensus. Together, the AT2 receptor may appear as a gatekeeper of cellular and tissue homeostasis. Indeed, most current studies suggest that AT2 receptor activation may have a protective role in various pathological situations.
351758.fig.003