Extreme Elevations in Blood Pressure and All-Cause Mortality in a Referred CKD Population: Results from the CRISIS Study
Table 1
Baseline patient characteristics divided by blood pressure group.
Group 1—target blood pressure
Group 2—elevated blood pressure
Group 3—extreme hypertension
Age
64.9 (14.2)
63.1 (36.6)
63.4 (14.2)
0.43
Weight
80.5 (18.3)
81.6 (17.9)
80.4 (19.6)
0.4
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
120.2 (12)
146.7 (16)
178.5 (23.3)
<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
66.7 (7.6)
79.3 (9.9)
101 (14.4)
<0.0001
Laboratory values
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
33.6 (15.4)
32.1 (16.1)
33.9 (18.7)
0.25
Urine protein creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)
83.6 (146.4)
116.7 (213.3)
104.1 (147.7)
0.005
Haemoglobin (g/dL)
122.6 (16.7)
125.4 (17.1)
130.7 (19.2)
0.003
Medications
Number of antihypertensive agents
2.4 (1.4)
2.4 (1.4)
2.5 (1.5)
0.81
Angiotensin blockade
63.2%
59.4%
55.8%
0.24
Statin
60.4%
57.3%
49.4%
0.10
Aspirin
42.7%
39.5%
36.4%
0.25
Erythropoietin stimulating agent
12.8%
14.5%
14.3%
0.62
Co-morbidities
Myocardial infarction
20.4%
16.8%
10.4%
0.045
Transient ischemic attack or stoke
15%
16.1%
19.5%
0.56
Diabetes mellitus
29.8%
25%
26%
0.097
Smoking history
69.5%
65.9%
72.7%
0.15
Primary cause of CKD
Diabetic nephropathy
88 (12.2%)
116 (13%)
8 (10.4%)
0.88
Adult polycystic kidney disease
30 (4.2%)
50 (5.6%)
4 (5.2%)
0.43
Vascular/hypertensive
104 (16.4%)
137 (19.0%)
1 (17.5%)
0.44
Glomerulonephritis/vasculitis
89 (14.0%)
114 (15.7%)
14 (22.2%)
0.19
Pyelonephritis
37 (5.8%)
47 (6.5%)
3 (4.8%)
0.78
Other/unknown
298 (46.9%)
286 (39.7%)
23 (36.5%)
0.02
Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation). Categorical variables are presented as number (percentage). eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD 4-variable formula). CKD: chronic kidney disease. Target blood pressure defined as systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure <80 mmHg. Elevated blood pressure defined as systolic 140–190 mmHg or diastolic 80–100 mmHg. Extreme blood pressure defined as systolic >190 mmHg or diastolic >100 mmHg.
