Determinants of the Morning-Evening Home Blood Pressure Difference in Treated Hypertensives: The HIBA-Home Study

Table 1

Characteristics of the study population.

Characteristic	Total
Number of subjects (%)	367
Women	242 (65.9)
Caucasians	365 (99.5)
Smokers	43 (11.7)
Uncontrolled hypertension	133 (36.2)
Diabetes mellitus	39 (10.6)
Previous cardiovascular disease	42 (11.4)
Previous cerebrovascular disease	24 (6.5)
Mean (±SD) characteristic
Age, y	66.2 (14.5)
Body mass index, kg/m^2	28.1 (4.5)
Conventional BP, mmHg
Systolic	140.3 (17.5)
Diastolic	79.6 (10.7)
Self-recorded systolic BP, mmHg
All measurements	131.5 (14.1)
Morning	133.1 (16.5)
Evening	132.0 (15.7)
Morning-evening difference	1.1 (12.5)
Self-recorded diastolic BP, mmHg
All measurements	73.8 (7.6)
Morning	75.8 (8.4)
Evening	73.5 (8.2)
Morning-evening difference	2.3 (6.1)
Self-recorded pulse rate, beats/min
All measurements	71.3 (10.9)
Morning	69.4 (11.2)
Evening	72.0 (11.6)
Number of self-recorded BP measurements	24.7 (2.9)
Number of antihypertensive drugs	2.2 (1.0)
Serum cholesterol, mmol/L	4.89 (1.0)

Uncontrolled hypertension was a home blood pressure of at least 135 mmHg systolic or 85 mmHg diastolic. Diabetes mellitus was a self-reported diagnosis, a fasting or random blood glucose level of 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) or higher, or a use of antidiabetic drugs. Smoking was daily use of tobacco products. Previous cardiovascular disease included ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, or congestive heart failure. Previous cerebrovascular disease included transient ischemic attack or stroke.