Growing-Related Changes in Arterial Properties of Healthy Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults Nonexposed to Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Analysis of Gender-Related Differences
Table 1
Demographic, hemodynamic, and vascular parameters.
Total
<8 years
8 to 14 years
≥15 years
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
VM ± DS
VM ± DS
VM ± DS
VM ± DS
VM ± DS
VM ± DS
VM ± DS
VM ± DS
Anthropometric data
68
93
9
13
29
50
30
30
Age (years)
16.2 ± 7.3
14.4 ± 6.2
0.08
6.8 ± 1.1
6.4 ± 0.9
0.38
11.8 ± 2.3
11.8 ± 1.9
0.93
23.4 ± 4.1
22.0 ± 3.8
0.20
Weight (kg)
46.3 ± 16.8
47.5 ± 20.8
0.69
23.2 ± 5.3
20.9 ± 2.4
0.18
40.3 ± 12.7
39.8 ± 12.1
0.85
59.4 ± 10.6
72.0 ± 9.2
<0.001
Height (m)
1.50 ± 0.18
1.53 ± 0.23
0.49
1.22 ± 0.08
1.17 ± 0.07
0.15
1.46 ± 0.14
1.47 ± 0.14
0.81
1.63 ± 0.07
1.77 ± 0.06
<0.001
Body mass index (Kg/m2)
19.6 ± 3.9
19.1 ± 3.7
0.44
15.5 ± 2.0
15.2 ± 1.1
0.68
18.4 ± 3.0
18.0 ± 2.6
0.51
22.2 ± 3.5
22.9 ± 2.6
0.38
Hemodynamic parameters
Heart rate
79 ± 11
74 ± 12
0.03
87 ± 3
85 ± 11
0.65
80 ± 12
74 ± 11
0.07
75 ± 10
68 ± 12
0.04
Peripheral blood pressure
Brachial SBP (mmHg)
107 ± 10
110 ± 13
0.10
98 ± 5
97 ± 7
0.77
105 ± 7
106 ± 6
0.53
114 ± 11
125 ± 11
<0.001
Brachial DBP (mmHg)
61 ± 7
59 ± 8
0.20
60 ± 6
57 ± 7
0.44
59 ± 6
58 ± 6
0.39
64 ± 9
64 ± 7
0.74
Brachial PP (mmHg)
46 ± 7
51 ± 10
<0.001
39 ± 3
42 ± 6
0.22
46 ± 6
48 ± 6
0.07
49 ± 7
60 ± 10
<0.001
Central blood pressure
Aortic SBP (mmHg)
92 ± 10
95 ± 12
0.26
82 ± 6
83 ± 6
0.85
89 ± 8
90 ± 8
0.50
99 ± 10
107 ± 9
<0.001
Aortic DBP (mmHg)
63 ± 7
61 ± 7
0.18
61 ± 5
59 ± 7
0.43
61 ± 7
59 ± 6
0.21
68 ± 10
65 ± 8
0.19
Aortic PP (mmHg)
28 ± 6
33 ± 10
<0.001
21 ± 2
23 ± 5
0.34
28 ± 5
31 ± 7
0.04
31 ± 6
42 ± 9
<0.001
Aortic pulse wave analysis
Augmented pressure (mmHg)
2 ± 3
0 ± 3
0.01
2 ± 2
2 ± 2
0.32
1 ± 3
0 ± 3
0.35
2 ± 3
−1 ± 4
<0.001
Augmentation index 75 (%)
6 ± 11
1 ± 12
0.00
15 ± 9
15 ± 9
0.99
6 ± 9
1 ± 10
0.04
6 ± 8
−8 ± 5
<0.001
AIx-to-height ratio
4.6 ± 7.8
1.2 ± 8.4
0.01
12.4 ± 7.9
12.8 ± 8.5
0.92
4.5 ± 7.4
1.0 ± 6.8
0.04
2.6 ± 7.1
−3.9 ± 5.2
<0.001
SEVR
128 ± 33
140 ± 33
0.02
113 ± 20
126 ± 20
0.17
119 ± 26
133 ± 32
0.05
141 ± 37
158 ± 30
0.07
Mode B ultrasound
Common carotid artery
Diastolic diameter (mm)
5.6 ± 0.5
5.9 ± 0.7
0.02
5.0 ± 0.4
5.2 ± 0.6
0.27
5.6 ± 0.5
5.8 ± 0.7
0.12
5.9 ± 0.4
6.3 ± 0.5
0.01
IMT (mm)
0.442 ± 0.046
0.459 ± 0.061
0.08
0.405 ± 0.039
0.416 ± 0.048
0.58
0.433 ± 0.036
0.449 ± 0.054
0.16
0.459 ± 0.044
0.497 ± 0.069
0.04
Elastic modulus (mmHg)
252 ± 100
295 ± 138
0.05
134 ± 28
161 ± 40
0.11
220 ± 66
267 ± 101
0.03
349 ± 75
424 ± 137
0.04
β Index
1.64 ± 0.22
1.75 ± 0.30
0.02
1.46 ± 0.15
1.50 ± 0.29
0.74
1.63 ± 0.20
1.70 ± 0.25
0.21
1.74 ± 0.21
1.98 ± 0.24
<0.001
Common femoral artery
Diastolic diameter (mm)
5.6 ± 1.1
6.3 ± 1.4
<0.001
4.5 ± 0.8
4.6 ± 0.4
0.63
5.4 ± 0.8
6.0 ± 1.0
<0.001
6.8 ± 0.7
7.8 ± 0.9
<0.001
Elastic modulus (mmHg)
803 ± 463
877 ± 599
0.45
484 ± 198
519 ± 194
0.70
725 ± 367
723 ± 366
0.98
1146 ± 547
1386 ± 803
0.32
β Index
2.25 ± 0.19
2.21 ± 0.18
0.26
2.33 ± 0.17
2.37 ± 0.17
0.66
2.27 ± 0.18
2.20 ± 0.17
0.09
2.09 ± 0.16
2.11 ± 0.16
0.86
Regional arterial stiffness
Carotid-femoral PWV (m/s)
4.9 ± 0.9
5.3 ± 1.1
0.05
4.5 ± 0.7
4.4 ± 0.6
0.88
4.7 ± 0.6
4.8 ± 0.6
0.21
5.6 ± 0.9
6.6 ± 1.0
<0.001
βPWV Index
0.62 ± 0.17
0.72 ± 0.26
0.01
0.56 ± 0.15
0.58 ± 0.17
0.74
0.57 ± 0.12
0.63 ± 0.15
0.10
0.75 ± 0.21
1.01 ± 0.26
0.01
Carotid-radial PWV (m/s)
7.5 ± 1.1
7.8 ± 1.2
0.17
7.5 ± 1.1
7.8 ± 1.5
0.65
7.4 ± 1.2
7.6 ± 1.2
0.44
7.9 ± 1.0
8.7 ± 1.2
0.07
Data expressed as mean value (M) ± standard deviation (SD). SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; PWV, pulse wave velocity.