Research Article

Growing-Related Changes in Arterial Properties of Healthy Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults Nonexposed to Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Analysis of Gender-Related Differences

Table 1

Demographic, hemodynamic, and vascular parameters.

Total<8 years8 to 14 years≥15 years
FemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMale
VM ± DSVM ± DSVM ± DSVM ± DSVM ± DSVM ± DSVM ± DSVM ± DS

Anthropometric data
689391329503030
Age (years)16.2 ± 7.314.4 ± 6.20.086.8 ± 1.16.4 ± 0.90.3811.8 ± 2.311.8 ± 1.90.9323.4 ± 4.122.0 ± 3.80.20
Weight (kg)46.3 ± 16.847.5 ± 20.80.6923.2 ± 5.320.9 ± 2.40.1840.3 ± 12.739.8 ± 12.10.8559.4 ± 10.672.0 ± 9.2<0.001
Height (m)1.50 ± 0.181.53 ± 0.230.491.22 ± 0.081.17 ± 0.070.151.46 ± 0.141.47 ± 0.140.811.63 ± 0.071.77 ± 0.06<0.001
Body mass index (Kg/m2)19.6 ± 3.919.1 ± 3.70.4415.5 ± 2.015.2 ± 1.10.6818.4 ± 3.018.0 ± 2.60.5122.2 ± 3.522.9 ± 2.60.38
Hemodynamic parameters
Heart rate79 ± 1174 ± 120.0387 ± 385 ± 110.6580 ± 1274 ± 110.0775 ± 1068 ± 120.04
Peripheral blood pressure
 Brachial SBP (mmHg)107 ± 10110 ± 130.1098 ± 597 ± 70.77105 ± 7106 ± 60.53114 ± 11125 ± 11<0.001
 Brachial DBP (mmHg)61 ± 759 ± 80.2060 ± 657 ± 70.4459 ± 658 ± 60.3964 ± 964 ± 70.74
 Brachial PP (mmHg)46 ± 751 ± 10<0.00139 ± 342 ± 60.2246 ± 648 ± 60.0749 ± 760 ± 10<0.001
Central blood pressure
 Aortic SBP (mmHg)92 ± 1095 ± 120.2682 ± 683 ± 60.8589 ± 890 ± 8 0.5099 ± 10107 ± 9<0.001
 Aortic DBP (mmHg)63 ± 761 ± 70.1861 ± 559 ± 70.4361 ± 759 ± 60.2168 ± 1065 ± 80.19
 Aortic PP (mmHg)28 ± 633 ± 10<0.00121 ± 223 ± 50.3428 ± 531 ± 70.0431 ± 642 ± 9<0.001
Aortic pulse wave analysis
 Augmented pressure (mmHg)2 ± 30 ± 30.012 ± 22 ± 20.321 ± 30 ± 30.352 ± 3 −1 ± 4<0.001
 Augmentation index 75 (%)6 ± 111 ± 120.0015 ± 915 ± 90.996 ± 91 ± 100.046 ± 8 −8 ± 5<0.001
 AIx-to-height ratio 4.6 ± 7.81.2 ± 8.40.0112.4 ± 7.912.8 ± 8.50.924.5 ± 7.41.0 ± 6.80.042.6 ± 7.1 −3.9 ± 5.2<0.001
 SEVR 128 ± 33140 ± 330.02113 ± 20126 ± 200.17119 ± 26133 ± 320.05141 ± 37158 ± 300.07
Mode B ultrasound
Common carotid artery
 Diastolic diameter (mm)5.6 ± 0.55.9 ± 0.70.025.0 ± 0.45.2 ± 0.60.275.6 ± 0.55.8 ± 0.70.125.9 ± 0.46.3 ± 0.50.01
 IMT (mm)0.442 ± 0.0460.459 ± 0.0610.080.405 ± 0.0390.416 ± 0.0480.580.433 ± 0.0360.449 ± 0.0540.160.459 ± 0.0440.497 ± 0.0690.04
 Elastic modulus (mmHg)252 ± 100295 ± 1380.05134 ± 28161 ± 400.11220 ± 66267 ± 1010.03349 ± 75424 ± 1370.04
β Index 1.64 ± 0.22 1.75 ± 0.300.021.46 ± 0.151.50 ± 0.290.741.63 ± 0.201.70 ± 0.250.211.74 ± 0.211.98 ± 0.24<0.001
Common femoral artery
 Diastolic diameter (mm)5.6 ± 1.16.3 ± 1.4<0.0014.5 ± 0.84.6 ± 0.40.635.4 ± 0.8 6.0 ± 1.0<0.0016.8 ± 0.77.8 ± 0.9<0.001
 Elastic modulus (mmHg)803 ± 463877 ± 5990.45484 ± 198519 ± 1940.70725 ± 367723 ± 3660.981146 ± 5471386 ± 8030.32
β Index 2.25 ± 0.192.21 ± 0.180.262.33 ± 0.172.37 ± 0.170.662.27 ± 0.18 2.20 ± 0.170.092.09 ± 0.162.11 ± 0.160.86
Regional arterial stiffness
Carotid-femoral PWV (m/s)4.9 ± 0.95.3 ± 1.10.054.5 ± 0.74.4 ± 0.60.884.7 ± 0.64.8 ± 0.60.215.6 ± 0.96.6 ± 1.0<0.001
βPWV Index 0.62 ± 0.170.72 ± 0.260.010.56 ± 0.150.58 ± 0.170.740.57 ± 0.120.63 ± 0.150.100.75 ± 0.211.01 ± 0.260.01
Carotid-radial PWV (m/s)7.5 ± 1.17.8 ± 1.20.177.5 ± 1.17.8 ± 1.50.657.4 ± 1.27.6 ± 1.20.447.9 ± 1.08.7 ± 1.20.07

Data expressed as mean value (M) ± standard deviation (SD). SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; PWV, pulse wave velocity.