Racial/Ethnic, Nativity, and Sociodemographic Disparities in Maternal Hypertension in the United States, 2014-2015
Table 4
Observed prevalence and adjusted odds of pregnancy-related hypertension among 17 racial/ethnic and 31 ethnic-immigrant groups, United States, 2014-2015 ( = 7,966,573).
Ethnicity and immigrant status
Prevalence percent
Prevalence ratio1
Model 12
Model 23
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
5.67
3.48
3.33
3.64
1.96
1.87
2.05
Non-Hispanic Black
6.55
4.08
3.90
4.26
2.05
1.96
2.15
American Indian/Alaska Native
6.77
4.25
4.04
4.48
1.96
1.86
2.07
Chinese
1.76
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Japanese
2.69
1.47
1.32
1.65
1.50
1.34
1.68
Filipino
5.87
3.48
3.30
3.68
2.74
2.59
2.89
Hawaiian
5.62
3.46
2.81
4.27
1.67
1.35
2.07
Asian Indian
3.26
1.94
1.84
2.05
1.56
1.48
1.64
Korean
2.77
1.58
1.45
1.71
1.46
1.35
1.59
Vietnamese
2.42
1.38
1.28
1.50
1.31
1.22
1.42
Samoan
6.81
4.29
3.78
4.86
1.66
1.46
1.89
Other Asian/Pacific Islander
3.50
2.09
1.98
2.20
1.55
1.47
1.63
Mexican
4.28
2.59
2.48
2.71
1.56
1.49
1.63
Puerto Rican
4.73
2.90
2.76
3.05
1.67
1.58
1.75
Cuban
4.77
2.90
2.72
3.08
1.88
1.76
2.00
Central & South American
3.59
2.13
2.03
2.23
1.64
1.56
1.72
Other Hispanic
4.86
2.97
2.84
3.11
1.72
1.64
1.80
Ethnic-immigrant status
Non-Hispanic White, US-born
5.84
4.20
4.41
4.00
2.63
2.77
2.51
Non-Hispanic White, immigrant
3.30
2.22
2.28
2.16
1.73
1.78
1.68
Non-Hispanic Black, US-born
6.83
5.06
5.26
4.86
2.72
2.83
2.61
Non-Hispanic Black, immigrant
4.91
3.35
3.44
3.26
2.34
2.41
2.28
American Indian/Alaska Native
6.77
5.00
5.10
4.90
2.60
2.66
2.55
Chinese, US-born
3.37
2.23
2.14
2.33
2.02
1.94
2.11
Chinese, immigrant
1.53
1.00
1.00
Reference
1.00
Reference
Japanese, US-born
4.75
3.11
2.81
3.43
2.69
2.44
2.98
Japanese, immigrant
1.92
1.18
1.07
1.30
1.33
1.22
1.46
Hawaiian
5.62
4.05
3.46
4.73
2.20
1.88
2.58
Filipino, US-born
6.09
4.28
4.21
4.34
3.08
3.04
3.13
Filipino, immigrant
5.79
3.93
3.96
3.90
3.24
3.28
3.22
Asian Indian, US-born
3.74
2.55
2.44
2.65
1.99
1.91
2.07
Asian Indian, immigrant
3.20
2.21
2.25
2.18
1.73
1.76
1.71
Korean, US-born
2.91
1.95
1.76
2.15
1.72
1.56
1.90
Korean, immigrant
2.75
1.79
1.73
1.84
1.70
1.65
1.75
Vietnamese, US-born
3.77
2.66
2.48
2.85
2.13
1.99
2.29
Vietnamese, immigrant
2.10
1.37
1.33
1.41
1.36
1.32
1.39
Samoan
6.81
5.03
4.68
5.39
2.09
1.95
2.24
Other Asian/Pacific Islander, US-born
4.05
2.87
2.88
2.86
1.96
1.97
1.95
Other Asian/Pacific Islander, immigrant
3.18
2.17
2.19
2.15
1.78
1.80
1.76
Mexican, US-born
4.82
3.50
3.63
3.38
2.00
2.07
1.93
Mexican, immigrant
3.72
2.58
2.66
2.49
1.81
1.88
1.75
Puerto Rican, mainland US-born
4.69
3.38
3.45
3.30
2.16
2.20
2.11
Puerto Rican, Puerto Rico-born
5.09
3.63
3.57
3.70
2.28
2.25
2.33
Cuban, US-born
4.92
3.51
3.45
3.57
2.21
2.18
2.25
Cuban, immigrant
4.64
3.26
3.21
3.31
2.39
2.36
2.43
Central & South American, US-born
4.22
3.02
3.02
3.00
1.95
1.96
1.94
Central & South American, immigrant
3.46
2.37
2.43
2.31
1.88
1.93
1.83
Other Hispanic, US-born
4.99
3.63
3.73
3.52
2.13
2.20
2.08
Other Hispanic, immigrant
4.55
3.17
3.22
3.12
2.35
2.39
2.32
All other ethnic-nativity groups
5.23
3.71
3.64
3.77
2.65
2.61
2.70
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. significant at ; as the ratio of the prevalence for a specific group to that for the reference group. for maternal age only. for maternal age, marital status, nativity, plurality, maternal education, place and region of residence, gestational diabetes, prepregnancy BMI, and gestational weight gain; Source. Data derived from the 2014-2015 US National Natality data files.
