Research Article

Personality Traits, Clinical Characteristics, and Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients with Hypertension in a Primary Hospital in Ghana

Table 3

Adjusted mean differences (and 95% confidence intervals) from a linear regression analyses evaluating the effect of sociodemographic/economic factors, presence of comorbidity, number of years with hypertension, and number of medications taken on HRQOL dimensions.

Physical Psychological Social Environmental

Gender
 MaleRef
 Female1.75 (-1.36, 4.88)2.25 (1.77, 6.28)0.52 (-1.41, 2.44)3.32 (-1.43, 8.06)
Age
Ref
 20 – 29-3.94 (-23.77, 15.88)4.57 (-20.99, 30.13)13.19 (-25.40, -0.97)-14.62 (-44.72, 15.49)
 30 - 39-7.7 (-22.96, 7.55)6.01 (-13.66, 25.68)13.96 (-23.36, -4.56)-10.91 (-34.07, 12.25)
 40 - 493.07 (-11.49, 17.65)12.38 (-6.41, 31.16)8.27 (-17.25, 0.70)-5.56 (-27.68, 12.25)
 50 – 59-2.89 (-17.24, 11.45)11.40 (-7.09, 29.89)9.89 (-18.72, -1.05)-7.06 (-28.84, 14.71)
-1.56 (-15.90, 12.78)13.00 (-5.49, 31.49)9.54 (-18.38, -0.71)-8.40 (-30.17, 13.37)
Education
 NoneRef
 Primary1.9 (-2.90, 6.71)-1.31 (-7.51, 4.89)2.26 (-0.70, 5.22)6.33 (-0.97, 13.63)
 Secondary6.12 (3.40, 8.83)2.59 (-0.91, 6.08)2.20 (0.53, 3.87)6.35 (2.23, 10.46)
 Post-secondary7.15 (2.05, 12.26)6.42 (-0.15, 13.00)1.09 (-2.06, 4.23)9.64 (1.90, 17.39)
 Tertiary7.27 (1.78, 12.76)3.08 (-10.16, 4.00)0.86 (-2.53, 4.24)5.56 (-2.78, 13. 90)
Monthly income
 None/PensionRef
2.1 (-2.17, 6.38)2.42 (-7.93, 3.10)2.26 (-4.90, 0.38)-2.08 (-8.58, 4.41)
 500-9990.86 (-3.12, 4.85)0.47 (-4.68, 5.60)0.29 (-2.17, 2.75)3.76 (-2.30, 4.42)
 1000 +-2.59 (-9.95, 4.77)17.55 (8.06, 27.04)2.25 ( -2.28, 6.79)5.37 (-5.80, 16.55)
Employment
 UnemployedRef
 Employed0.91 (-2.64, 4.47)-0.50 (-5.09, 4.09)0.90 (-1.29, 3.09)-0.33 (-5.74, 5.07)
 Retired2.04 (-3.34, 7.42)2.52 (-4.42, 9.47)1.43 (-1.89, 4.75)7.09 (-1.09, 15.26)
Comorbidity
 NoRef
 Yes-1.7 (-4.00, 0.59)0.39 (-2.57, 3.35)-0.48 (-1.89, 0.04)-0.25 (-3.72, 3.25)
Years with hypertension
Ref
 1-9 years0.77 (-2.43, 3.98)5.97 (1.83, 10.10)1.01 (-0.96, 2.99)-0.25 (-5.12, 4.62)
 10-19 years0.66 (-3.27, 4.61)2.23 (-2.86, 7.32)-0.27 (-2.71, 2.16)-2.40 (-8.39, 3.59)
 20+ years0.19 (-4.87, 5.27)2.67 (3.87, 9.21)-0.89 (-4.01, 2.24)4.49 (-3.20, 12.20)
Adherence
 PoorRef
 High-0.073 (-0.052, 0.183)0.009 (0.002, 0.875)-0.011 (-0.007, 0.842)-0.073 (-0.009, 0.185)

p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001.