The Role and Regulation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells in Pulmonary Hypertension

Figure 2

Molecular pathways in PASMC (2). PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor, IL-6: interleukin-6, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, MST 1/2: mammalian sterile 20-like kinases 1/2, Egr-1: early growth response-1, MEK/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal regulated kinase, PI3K/AKT: phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, JAK/STAT3: Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, LATS 1/2: large tumor suppressor kinases 1/2, mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin, FOXO1: forkhead box protein O1, YAP: yes-associated protein, TAZ: transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif, 4E-BP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, S6K1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1, HIF-1α: hypoxia-induced factor-1α.