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| No. | Author (year) | Type of study | Country/state/region of study | Study setting | Sample population/age | Sample size | Subgroup of population (if any) | No. of positive cases of HPT | Overall prevalence of HPT, % (with 96% CI) | Subgroup prevalence, % (with 96% CI) | Diagnostic criteria of HPT |
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| (1) | Abdul-Razak et al. (2016) [14] | Prospective cohort study | Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah, and the Federal territory of Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) | Community | Adults aged ≥30 years | Overall N = 11267, urban N = 5857 (51.9%), and rural N = 5410 (48.1%) | There was an overall subgroup (age, sex, race, education level, smoking status, and obesity); however, it was unable to specify the urban subgroup | Overall 5409, urban: 2630, rural | Overall 47.9 (47.0–49.0), urban: 44.9 (43.6–46.2), rural 51.2 (49.8–52.4) | NA | (1) Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg (measured twice using an automatic digital blood pressure monitor); (2) the participants reported a history of hypertension; or (3) the participants reported taking antihypertensive medications in the past two weeks |
| (2) | Bjertness et al. (2016) [15] | Cross sectional | Myanmar | Community | Adults 15–64 years | Overall N = 7319, urban N = 2162 (29.5%), rural N = 5157 (70.5%) | (Urban only) male N = 851, Female N = 1311. Another subgroup was overall and not specific to the urban population | Overall 2171, urban 737, rural 1434 | Overall 29.9 (28.8–31.0), urban 34.1 (32.1–36.1), rural 27.8 (26.6–29.0) | (Urban only) male 30.1 (27.0–33.2) Female 29.8 (27.3–32.3) | (1) Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or average diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg (measured three times using an automatic digital blood pressure monitor); (2) or participants reported taking antihypertensive medications |
| (3) | Christiani et al. (2016) [16] | Cross sectional | Indonesia | Community in urban | Adults > 15 years | 15,802 urban population (7543 males and 8259 females) | Male-female, by age | 5064, male-2429; female 2635 | 32.1 (31.32–32.77) | Male: 32.2 (31.47–32.93); Female: 31.9 (31.53–32.27) | Systolic BP > 140 mmHg or mean diastolic BP was >90 mmHg on 3 blood pressure measurements (did not mention the tool used for BP measurement) |
| (4) | Htet et al. (2017) [15] | Cross-sectional | Yangon, Myanmar | Community | Adults (25–74 years old) | Total subjects in urban and rural: 2004 (N = 4448), 2014 (N = 1486). For the year 2014, the sample size for urban was 2231 | Urban rural, male-female. For the year 2014, the male urban was 745 and the female urban was 1486 | 2004: male-556, female-680; 2014: male-288, female-256. In 2014, 801 out of 2231 urban population had HPT | 2004: 27.6 (24.3–31.1) 2014: 34.5 (31.5–37.6). In 2014, the prevalence of HPT in urban was 35.9 | HPT for male in 2004: 27.9 (23.9–32.4), HPT of male in 2014: 38.7 (33.9–43.7), HPT for female in 2004:27.7 (24.4–31.3) HPT for female in 2004 34.5 (28.9–40.6). In 2014, urban men and women had 38.7 and 34.5 of HPT, respectively | (1) Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or average diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg (measured three times using an automatic digital blood pressure monitor); (2) participants reported taking antihypertensive medications in the past two weeks |
| (5) | Kho et al. (2018) [16] | Cross sectional | Sarawak, Malaysia | School based | Adolescents (12–17 years old) | N = 2461 (total), n = 633 (urban). | | n = 218 (urban), n = 523 (rural). | 30.1 (29.84–30.64) (total) | 34.4 (34.14–34.66) (urban). | Hypertension was defined as an average systolic BP and/or diastolic BP above or equal to the 95th percentile for sex, age, and height (measured three times using an automatic digital blood pressure monitor) |
| (6) | Liew et al. (2019) [17] | Cross sectional | Johor Bahru, Malaysia | School based | Adolescents (mean 14.6 years of age) | N = 273 | NA | n = 67 | 24.5 (19.40–29.60) | NA | Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP or diastolic BP above the 9th percentile (measured three times using an automatic digital blood pressure monitor) |
| (7) | Liew et al. (2019) [18] | Cross sectional | Singapore | Community | Adults ≥21 years | N = 10215 | NA | 3177 | 31.1 (30.20–32.00) | NA | 1) Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg (measured twice using an automatic digital blood pressure monitor); (2) the participants reported a history of hypertension |
| (8) | Visanuyothin et al. (2018) [19] | Cross sectional | Thailand | Community in urban | Adults (median 63 years old) | 125 | All hypertensive patients are divided into a controlled and uncontrolled group | 73 (well controlled) | 58.4 (58.31–58.47) | Uncontrolled hypertension: 41.6 (41.51–41.67) | BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg in last three visits, measured using an automatic digital blood pressure monitor |
| (9) | Sison et al. (2019) [20] | Cross sectional | The Philippines | Community healthcare workers | Adults (mean 49.3 years of age) | 457 | Urban rural, male-female | 148 | 32.4 (32.34–32.44) | Urban: 33.3 (33.24–33.36) | (1) Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg (measured three times using an automatic digital blood pressure monitor); (2) participants reported taking antihypertensive medications |
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