Research Article

Comparison of Blood Pressure Variability between 24 h Ambulatory Monitoring and Office Blood Pressure in Diabetics and Nondiabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Clinical characteristics of nondiabetics and diabetics.

NondiabeticsDiabeticsTotal value

 N(%)851 (76)272 (24)1123
 Age (years)48 (36–61)60 (53–68)53 (39–64)<0.001
 Male346 (41)141 (52)487 (43)0.001
 BMI (Kg/m2)27.4 (24.5–31.0)29.1 (26.0–32.5)27.9 (24.7–31.4)<0.001
 Smokers124 (15)37 (14)161 (14)0.692
 Dyslipidemia298 (35)165 (61)463 (41)<0.001
Family history N(%)
 Hypertension293 (34)69 (25)362 (32)0.005
 Stroke57 (7)11 (4)68 (6)0.110
 Coronary artery disease90 (11)25 (9)115 (10)0.512
 Diabetes122 (14)62 (23)184 (16)0.001
Clinical analysis
 Fasting glucose (mg/dL)93 (85–101)135 (119–167)98 (87–114)<0.001
 HbA1C (%)5.6 (5.3–5.8)6.8 (6.0–7.7)5.9 (5.4–6.7)<0.001
 Creatinine (mg/dL)0.80 (0.70–1.00)0.90 (0.80–1.10)0.80 (0.70–1.00)<0.001
 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)86.6 (70.7–100.7)75.3 (60.0–94.4)84.2 (67.6–98.9)<0.001
 24 h Urinary sodium (mEq/24 h)183 (140–244)201 (158–269)189 (142–251)0.015
 24 h Urinary potassium (mEq/24 h)68 (53–85)91 (70–109)73 (57–95)<0.001
PWV (m/s) (a)10.1 (8.8–12.0)11.8 (10.0–13.0)10.5 (9.0–12.2)<0.001
BP analysis
 OBP systolic/diastolic (mmHg)147 (136–160)/92 (83–101)160 (145–178)/90 (81–99)150 (137–165)/92 (82–100)<0.001/0.108
 24 h-ABPM SBP/DBP (mmHg)129 (121–138)/78 (71–85)139 (129–150)/78 (70–85)131 (122–141)/78 (71–85)<0.001/0.386
 Daytime SBP/DBP (mmHg)133 (125–143)/82 (74–90)143 (132–155)/81 (74–88)135 (126–146)/82 (74–89)<0.001/0.107
 Nighttime SBP/DBP (mmHg)118 (110–128)/69 (62–76)129 (118–142)/70 (63–77)120 (111–131)/69 (63–76)<0.001/0.154
Circadian profile (b)
 Dipper368101469
 Non-dipper3461114570.003
 Reverse dipper573794
 Extreme dipper732093

BMI: body mass index, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, PWV: pulse wave velocity, OBP: in-office blood pressure (mean of 3 measurements at baseline), 24 h-ABPM: 24hambulatory blood pressure monitoring, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure. Continuous variables are presented as medians (interquartile range: percentile 25-percentile 75) and categorical variables are presented as absolute frequency (%). Comparisons were tested with the Mann–Whitney rank sum test and the X2 test. (a) data only available for 37.9% of patients with non-differential missing data between diabetics and nondiabetics, (b) missing data for 10 patients.