Comparison of Blood Pressure Variability between 24 h Ambulatory Monitoring and Office Blood Pressure in Diabetics and Nondiabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Clinical characteristics of nondiabetics and diabetics.
Nondiabetics
Diabetics
Total
value
N(%)
851 (76)
272 (24)
1123
Age (years)
48 (36–61)
60 (53–68)
53 (39–64)
<0.001
Male
346 (41)
141 (52)
487 (43)
0.001
BMI (Kg/m2)
27.4 (24.5–31.0)
29.1 (26.0–32.5)
27.9 (24.7–31.4)
<0.001
Smokers
124 (15)
37 (14)
161 (14)
0.692
Dyslipidemia
298 (35)
165 (61)
463 (41)
<0.001
Family history N(%)
Hypertension
293 (34)
69 (25)
362 (32)
0.005
Stroke
57 (7)
11 (4)
68 (6)
0.110
Coronary artery disease
90 (11)
25 (9)
115 (10)
0.512
Diabetes
122 (14)
62 (23)
184 (16)
0.001
Clinical analysis
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)
93 (85–101)
135 (119–167)
98 (87–114)
<0.001
HbA1C (%)
5.6 (5.3–5.8)
6.8 (6.0–7.7)
5.9 (5.4–6.7)
<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)
0.80 (0.70–1.00)
0.90 (0.80–1.10)
0.80 (0.70–1.00)
<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
86.6 (70.7–100.7)
75.3 (60.0–94.4)
84.2 (67.6–98.9)
<0.001
24 h Urinary sodium (mEq/24 h)
183 (140–244)
201 (158–269)
189 (142–251)
0.015
24 h Urinary potassium (mEq/24 h)
68 (53–85)
91 (70–109)
73 (57–95)
<0.001
PWV (m/s) (a)
10.1 (8.8–12.0)
11.8 (10.0–13.0)
10.5 (9.0–12.2)
<0.001
BP analysis
OBP systolic/diastolic (mmHg)
147 (136–160)/92 (83–101)
160 (145–178)/90 (81–99)
150 (137–165)/92 (82–100)
<0.001/0.108
24 h-ABPM SBP/DBP (mmHg)
129 (121–138)/78 (71–85)
139 (129–150)/78 (70–85)
131 (122–141)/78 (71–85)
<0.001/0.386
Daytime SBP/DBP (mmHg)
133 (125–143)/82 (74–90)
143 (132–155)/81 (74–88)
135 (126–146)/82 (74–89)
<0.001/0.107
Nighttime SBP/DBP (mmHg)
118 (110–128)/69 (62–76)
129 (118–142)/70 (63–77)
120 (111–131)/69 (63–76)
<0.001/0.154
Circadian profile (b)
Dipper
368
101
469
Non-dipper
346
111
457
0.003
Reverse dipper
57
37
94
Extreme dipper
73
20
93
BMI: body mass index, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, PWV: pulse wave velocity, OBP: in-office blood pressure (mean of 3 measurements at baseline), 24 h-ABPM: 24hambulatory blood pressure monitoring, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure. Continuous variables are presented as medians (interquartile range: percentile 25-percentile 75) and categorical variables are presented as absolute frequency (%). Comparisons were tested with the Mann–Whitney rank sum test and the X2 test. (a) data only available for 37.9% of patients with non-differential missing data between diabetics and nondiabetics, (b) missing data for 10 patients.