The Effects of Different Classes of Antihypertensive Drugs on Patients with COVID-19 and Hypertension: A Mini-Review

Table 2

Studies that showed beneficial effects of ACEIs/ARBs on COVID-19 in hypertensive patients.

Study	Country	Drug groups	Number of cases	Findings
Guo et al. [31]	China	Hypertensive patients in ACEIs/ARBs and non-ACEIs/ARBs treatment groups	3936	Lower mortality rate
Megaly et al. [42]	USA	ACEIs/ARBs group	534	Lower mortality rate
		Non-ACEIs/ARBs group	2733
Salah et al. [46]	USA, Italy	Total patients with hypertension	16101	Lower mortality rate
		Patients taking ACEIs or ARBs	7816
Wang et al. [47]	China	ACEIs/ARBs group	8104	Lower risk of mortality and ventilatory support
		Non-ACEIs/ARBs group	8203
Zhang et al. [50]	China	ACEIs/ARBs group	188	Lower mortality rate
		Non-ACEIs/ARBs group	940
Negreira-Caamaño et al. [45]	Spain	Previous treatment with ACEIs/ARBs	392	Lower mortality rate
		No previous treatment with ACEIs/ARBs	153
Desai et al. [39]	Italy	Total patients	575	Reduced mortality rate in chronic ACEIs users
		ACEIs or ARBs users	154
Bae et al. [37]	Korea	RAAS inhibitors users	1076	Lower risk of ICU admission
		Never-users of RAAS inhibitors	298
Yang et al. [49]	China	ACEIs/ARBs group	43	Lower concentrations of hs-CRP and procalcitonin
		Non-ACEIs/ARBs group	83
		Controls	125
Meng et al. [43]	China	ACEIs/ARBs group	17	Decreased IL-6 levels and peak viral load
		Non-ACEIs/ARBs group	25
Barochiner et al. [38]	Argentina	Hypertensive patients taking ACEIs or ARBs	8328	Lower risk of death, admission to ICU, and mechanical ventilation
		Under other or no treatment	8983
Lam et al. [41]	USA	Hypertensive patients	614	Lower ICU admission rate and mortality rate
Meng et al. [44]	China	Hypertensive patients in ACEIs/ARBs group	73	Improved clinical outcome such as lower death rate
		Non-ACEIs/ARBs group	186
Kim et al. [40]	Korea	ACEIs/ARBs users	682	Lower clinical outcomes
		Non-users of ACEIs/ARBs	603
Yuan et al. [54]	China	ACEIs/ARBs group	196	Protective effects
		Uncontrolled group	233
Golpe et al. [51]	Spain	Hypertensive patients with hospital admission	69	Lower risk of hospitalization
		Outpatient management	88
Semenzato et al. [52]	France	ACEIs/ARBs group	1524250	Lower risk of hospitalization and intubation
		CCBs group	358306
Tian et al. [55]	China	Discontinued ACEIs/ARBs group	27	Discontinued ACEIs/ARBs group had longer hospital stays
		Other antihypertensive drugs group	26
Chen et al. [53]	China	RAAS inhibitors group	355	Protective effects on mortality
		Non-RAAS inhibitors group	827

ACEIs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin 6; ICU: intensive care unit; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; CCBs: calcium channel blockers.