Toll-Like Receptors and Myocardial Inflammation

Table 1

TLR ligands: PAMPs versus DAMPs.

TLRs	PAMPs	Pathogens	Ref.	DAMPs	Ref.
TLR2	Lipopeptides	Bacteria	[14]	HSP60	[15]
	Peptidoglycan	Gram+ bacteria	[16, 17]	HSP70	[18, 19]
	Lipoteichoic acid	Gram+ bacteria	[17]	Gp96	[20]
	LPS	Leptospira interrogans	[21]	HMGB1	[22]
	Lipoarabinomannan	Mycobacteria	[23, 24]	bioglycan	[25]
	Zymosan	Fungi	[26]	versican	[27]
	Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors	Trypanosoma	[28]	Hyaluronan fragments	[29]
	Hemagglutinin protein	Measles virus	[30]
TLR3	Double-stranded RNA	virus	[31]	mRNA	[32]
	Poly(I:C)		[31]
	Small interfering RNAs		[33]
TLR4	LPS	Gram− bacteria	[34, 35]	HSP60, HSP70, HSP72, HSP22, gp96	[15, 18–20, 36–39]
				HMGB1	[22]
				fibronectin, biglycan, tenascin-C, and versican	[25, 40, 41]
				Hyaluronan, lower molecular weight HA, and heparin sulfate	[42–44]
TLR5	flagellin	Bacteria flagella	[45]
TLR7	Single-stranded RNA		[46]
	Imidazoquinoline compounds	virus	[47]	ssRNA	[48]
	Guanine analogs		[49]
TLR8	Single-stranded RNA	virus	[50]	ssRNA	[48]
TLR9	Unmethylated CpG DNA motif	Bacteria, virus	[51]	Chromatin-IgG complex	[52]
TLR11	Profilin-like molecule	Toxoplasma gondii	[53]
		Uropathogenic bacteria	[54]