Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Heart Disease: Do Antioxidants Have a Role in Treatment and/or Prevention?

Table 1

Human proof-of-concept studies demonstrating effectiveness of various antioxidant regimens on cardiovascular endpoints.

Study	𝑛	Intervention	Endpoint	Antiox Rx results	Placebo results	𝑃 value
SPACE [16]	196	Vit E 800 IU/day	Composite endpoint^1	16%	33%	=0.014
IEISS [17]	125	Vit A 50,000 IU/day,; Vit C 1,000 mg/day,; Vit E 400 mg/day,; 𝛽-carotene 25 mg/day	Individual component scores^2	20.6	30.6	“Sig. less”
VCE-MI [18]	61	Vit C&E 600 mg/day	SAECG^3	No Δ	“Sig. Δ”^3	<0.002
PART [19]	101	Probucol 1,000 mg/day	Restenosis p PCI	23%	58%	=0.001
ASAP [20]	520	d-alpha-tocopherol 91 mg,; Vit C 250 mg/day	Carotide IMT	0.011 mm/year-1	0.020 mm/year-1	=0.008
MVP [21]	317	β-carotene 30,000 i.u.,; Vit C 500 mg/day,; Vit E 700 IU/day,; Probucol 500 mg/day	Restenosis p PCI	28.9%	38.9%	“Sig. less”

SPACE: Secondary Prevention with Antioxidants of Cardiovascular disease in Endstage renal disease; IEISS: Indian Experiment of Infarct Survival Study; VCE-MI: Vitamins C&E on Myocardial Infarction; PART: Probucol Angioplasty Restenosis Trial; ASAP: Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention; MVP: Multivitamins and Probucol Study Group.
¹Composite Endpoint: myocardial infarction (fatal and nonfatal), ischemic stroke, non-AV fistular peripheral vascular disease, and unstable angina.
²Individual Component Scores: mean infarct size (creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB gram equivalents), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, cardiac enzyme lactate dehydrogenase increased, and, QRS score in the electrocardiogram.
³SAECG: Signal-average electrocardiogram components consist of increase in mean QRS and low-amplitude (<40 microV) signal durations, a decrease in the root-mean-square voltage of the last 40 ms of the QRS complex.